Dominant and Subordinate Fattening Strategies: A Dynamic Game

Clark, Colin; Ekman, Jan

doi:10.2307/3546222

Cited by 85 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 29 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…A recent static asymmetric producer-scrounger model that includes a social dominance hierarchy predicts that dominant individuals should prefer the scrounger strategy more than the subordinates (Barta and Giraldeau 1998). On the other hand, Clark and Ekman's (1995) state-dependent dynamic model predicts that dominants keep their reserves at a lower level than the subordinates. Combining these predictions with our own does not alter the predicted pattern very much because we predict that individuals with low reserves will use scrounger strategies more and that these will be the dominants who should keep low reserves and prefer the use of scrounging anyway.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Daily Patterns of Optimal Producer and Scrounger Use under Predation Hazard: A State-Dependent Dynamic Game Analysis

Bárta¹,

Giraldeau²

2000

The American Naturalist

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Feeding in groups often gives rise to joining: feeding from other's discoveries. The joining decision has been modeled as a producer-scrounger game where the producer strategy consists of searching for one's food and the scrounger strategy consists of searching for food discovered by others. Previous models revealed that the evolutionarily stable proportion of scrounging mostly depends on the fraction of each food patch available only to its producer. These early models are static and state independent and are therefore unable to explore whether the time of day, the animal's state, and the degree of predation hazard influence an individual's decision of whether to use the producer or scrounger strategy. To investigate these issues, we developed a state-dependent dynamic producer-scrounger game model. The model predicts that, early in the day, low reserves promote a preference for the scrounger strategy, while the same condition late in the day favors the use of the producer strategy. Under rich and clumped food, the availability of scrounging can improve the daily survival of any average group member. The model suggests only weak effects of predation hazard on the use of scrounging. Future developments should consider the effects of dominance asymmetries and allowing foragers a choice between foraging alone or in a group harboring an evolutionarily stable frequency of scrounger.Keywords: social foraging, producer-scrounger game, state-dependent dynamic game.Most animals' behavior follows a more or less regular daily pattern (routine). Recent theoretical investigations of * E-mail: zbarta@dragon.klte.hu. † E-mail: giraluc@vax2.concordia.ca.Am. Nat. 2000. Vol. 155, pp. 570-582. ᭧ 2000 by The University of Chicago. 0003-0147/2000/15504-0011$03.00. All rights reserved.state-dependent dynamic models (reviewed by Cuthill and Houston 1997;Houston and McNamara 1999) identify several innately associated trade-offs among the day-night cycle, gaining/consuming energy and avoiding predation, which can generate these routines even in the absence of varying external variables (e.g., food availability or temperature). Night (the nonforaging period), for instance, notably reduces the animal's energy reserves, which can only be replenished during daylight. Foraging increases energy reserves at the expense of increased predation hazard, while resting offers more safety against predators but consumes energy (Houston et al. 1993). As a consequence of these trade-offs, different behavioral actions are optimal during different parts of the day, leading to the emergence of daily routines. As a result of recent theoretical and empirical investigations (e.g., McNamara et al. 1994;Witter et al. 1994;Cuthill and Houston 1997;Dall and Witter 1998;Houston and McNamara 1999; Van der Veen, in press a, in press b), a lot is known both about the solitary animals' daily routines and about the factors influencing them but the analysis of daily routines of animals taking part in social foraging interactions is still missing.The exploitat...

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Daily Patterns of Optimal Producer and Scrounger Use under Predation Hazard: A State-Dependent Dynamic Game Analysis

Bárta¹,

Giraldeau²

2000

The American Naturalist

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Based on observations of overwintering birds, Clark & Ekman (1995) present a general model whereby variability in access to feeding opportunities, predation risk and metabolic expenditures favor the maintenance of higher energy stores in subordinate than in dominant individuals. Alternatively, reduced storage among the faster-growing dominant fish may be analogous to the reduced storage among fish undergoing compensatory growth, with reduced energy storage representing a general consequence of rapid growth in halibut.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compensatory growth, energy storage and behavior of juvenile Pacific halibut Hippoglossus stenolepis following thermally induced growth reduction

Hurst¹,

Spencer²,

Sogard³

et al. 2005

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…Namara, 1990). Consequences of such trade-offs have been predicted to affect: (1) the amount of fat foragers were willing to accumulate (Bednekoff and Houston, 1994;Clark and Ekman, 1995;Houston et al, 1997;Lima, 1986;McNamara and Houston, 1990); (2) activity regimes over a day (Clark, 1994;McNamara et al, 1994); (3) reproductive and mating strategies McNamara and Houston, 1997) and (4) population-level mortality rates McNamara andHouston, 1987, 1990). Most of the above examinations of predation risk and foraging gain have numerically solved for optimal behavior.…”

Section: Labmentioning

confidence: 99%

State dependent behavior and the Marginal Value Theorem

2001

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The Marginal Value Theorem (MVT) is the dominant paradigm in predicting patch use and numerous tests support its qualitative predictions. Quantitative tests under complex foraging situations could be expected to be more variable in their support because the MVT assumes behavior maximizes only net energy-intake rate. However across a survey of 26 studies, foragers rather consistently ''erred'' in staying too long in patches. Such a consistent direction to the errors suggests that the simplifying assumptions of the MVT introduce a systematic bias rather than just imprecision. Therefore, I simulated patch use as a statedependent response to physiological state, travel cost, predation risk, prey densities, and fitness currencies other than net-rate maximization (e.g., maximizing survival, reproductive investment, or mating opportunities). State-dependent behavior consistently results in longer patch residence times than predicted by the MVT or another foraging model, the minimize /g rule, and these rules fail to closely approximate the best behavioral strategy over a wide range of conditions. Because patch residence times increase with state-dependent behavior, this also predicts mass regulation below maximum energy capacities without direct mass-specific costs. Finally, qualitative behavioral predictions from the MVT about giving-up densities in patches and the effects of travel costs are often inconsistent with state-dependent behavior. Thus in order to accurately predict patch exploitation patterns, the model highlights the need to: (1) consider predator behavior (sit-and-wait versus actively foraging); (2) identify activities that can occur simultaneously to foraging (i.e., mate search or parental care); and (3) specify the range of nutritional states likely in foraging animals. Future predictive models of patch use should explicitly consider these parameters. Key words: marginal value theorem, predation risk, foraging, patch use, stochastic dynamic programming, state-dependent behavior. [Behav Ecol 12:71-83 (2001)] O ptimal foraging theory is an important tool for increasing our understanding of animal behavior. One optimality model that has been particularly widely used is the Marginal Value Theorem (MVT), which predicts the behavior of foraging animals collecting energy within patches. Patch depletion will eventually force the animal to move. If the animal's goal is to maximize net rate of energy intake, it should leave a patch when its foraging rate drops to the overall average intake for the entire habitat (Charnov, 1976). The MVT further predicts that if an animal encounters a series of patches of varying quality, it should bias its foraging efforts such that eventually all patches are depleted to an equal prey density. The prey density at which a forager leaves a patch is known as the giving-up density, or GUD, and therefore optimal foraging should result in all exploited patches having similar GUDs.The MVT has been extensively applied and tested. Many studies have shown good qualitative support for M...

show abstract

Dominant and Subordinate Fattening Strategies: A Dynamic Game

Cited by 85 publications

References 29 publications

Daily Patterns of Optimal Producer and Scrounger Use under Predation Hazard: A State-Dependent Dynamic Game Analysis

Daily Patterns of Optimal Producer and Scrounger Use under Predation Hazard: A State-Dependent Dynamic Game Analysis

Compensatory growth, energy storage and behavior of juvenile Pacific halibut Hippoglossus stenolepis following thermally induced growth reduction

State dependent behavior and the Marginal Value Theorem

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About