Donkey Fascioliasis Within a One Health Control Action: Transmission Capacity, Field Epidemiology, and Reservoir Role in a Human Hyperendemic Area

Mas‐Coma, Santiago; Buchón, Paola; Funatsu, Ilra R.; Angles, René; Mas-Bargues, Cristina; Artigas, Patricio; Valero, M. Adela; Bargues, Marìa Dolores

doi:10.3389/fvets.2020.591384

Cited by 17 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…The total number of liver fluke eggs expelled with faeces by a pig per day in the Northern Bolivian Altiplano, according to the amount of stools defecated by a pig per day [ 70 , 71 ], may be estimated to be between 500 and 195,000 eggs/pig/day. This range appears to be relatively high, although lower than similar values of estimates made for sheep and cattle ( Table 4 ) [ 36 ] and also donkeys (9000–808,000 eggs/pig/day) [ 37 ] in the same Northern Altiplano hyperendemic area.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

“…2 ), the first appearance of outlined miracidium and fully developed miracidium at days 16 and 24, respectively, agrees with results obtained with the altiplanic sheep and cattle isolates [ 36 ] and also with the 19–27 day range observed in ruminant isolates in southern Europe [ 51 ] and in the southern part of Chile [ 52 ]. The egg embryonation in the pig isolate differs, however, with the delayed embryonation observed in the donkey isolate from the same Altiplano endemic area [ 37 ]. Moreover, the percentage of inner developed miracidia in the pig isolate shows a higher acrophase between days 24 and 36 and a lower percentage at day 60, which indicate a faster miracidium development than in the sheep and cattle isolates.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When using a monomiracidial dose and temperature of 20 °C/20 °C day/night, the snail survival after shedding end and the longevity of shedding snails and infected non-shedding snails in infections by the altiplanic pig isolate are similar than in those obtained when infecting with the altiplanic sheep and cattle isolates under the same conditions [ 36 ], and differ from those found in the altiplanic donkey isolate [ 37 ]. The results obtained with the altiplanic pig isolate confirm that this longevity is longer in infected lymnaeids from high altitude areas than the same survival period known in F. hepatica / G. truncatula in the lowlands and that this phenomenon is independent on the host isolate of F. hepatica [ 67 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…and E.D.M., but also (iv) degenerated eggs, (v) empty eggs, and (vi) broken eggs. For images showing these different egg stages, see previously published illustrations [ 37 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, experimental studies and field surveys are being performed. Sheep, cattle and donkey have already been the focus of such assessments [ 36 , 37 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Domestic pig prioritized in one health action against fascioliasis in human endemic areas: Experimental assessment of transmission capacity and epidemiological evaluation of reservoir role

et al. 2021

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The Northern Bolivian Altiplano is the human fascioliasis hyperendemic area where the highest prevalences and intensities in humans have been reported. Preventive chemotherapy was implemented in the last ten years. Surveillance showed high human infection and re-infection rates in between the annual triclabendazole monodose treatments. A complementary One Health control action was launched to decrease the infection risk. Among the multidisciplinary axes, there is the need to establish animal reservoir species priorities for a more efficient control. Laboratory and field studies were performed for the first time to assess the Fasciola hepatica transmission capacity of the pig and its potential reservoir role. The experimental follow-up of altiplanic pig isolates through altiplanic Galba truncatula snail vector isolates were performed at different miracidial doses and different day/night temperatures. Experiments included egg embryonation, miracidial infectivity, lymnaeid snail infection, intramolluscan larval development, cercarial production, chronobiology of the cercarial shedding, vector survival to infection, metacercarial infectivity of mammal host, and adult stage development. Surveys included the assessment of prevalence, intensity, egg measurements and egg shedding rates in nature. Pig contribution was evaluated by comparing with the main altiplanic reservoirs sheep and cattle. Results demonstrated that the pig assures the whole F. hepatica life cycle and participates in its transmission in this area. The fast egg embryonation, high cercarial production, long multi-wave shedding chronobiological pattern in monomiracidial infections at permanent 20 °C temperature, and the high daily egg outputs per pig are worth mentioning. The high infection risk suggests early infection of freely running piglets and evolutionary long-term adaptation of the liver fluke to this omnivorous mammal, despite its previously evoked resistance or non-suitability. Genetic, physiological and immune similarities with humans may also underlie the parasite adaptation to humans in this area. The pig should be accordingly included for appropriate control measures within a One Health action against human fascioliasis. The pig should henceforth be considered in epidemiological studies and control initiatives not only in fascioliasis endemic areas with human infection risk on other Andean countries, but also in rural areas of Latin America, Africa and Asia where domestic pigs are allowed to run freely.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…and E.D.M., but also (iv) degenerated eggs, (v) empty eggs, and (vi) broken eggs. For images showing these different egg stages, see previously published illustrations [ 37 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, experimental studies and field surveys are being performed. Sheep, cattle and donkey have already been the focus of such assessments [ 36 , 37 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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