Dopaminergic reinforcement in the motor system: Implications for Parkinson's disease and deep brain stimulation

Abstract

Millions of people suffer from dopamine‐related disorders spanning disturbances in movement, cognition and emotion. These changes are often attributed to changes in striatal dopamine function. Thus, understanding how dopamine signalling in the striatum and basal ganglia shapes human behaviour is fundamental to advancing the treatment of affected patients. Dopaminergic neurons innervate large‐scale brain networks, and accordingly, many different roles for dopamine signals have been proposed, such as invigoration of movement and tracking of reward contingencies. The canonical circuit architecture of cortico‐striatal loops sparks the question, of whether dopamine signals in the basal ganglia serve an overarching computational principle. Such a holistic understanding of dopamine functioning could provide new insights into symptom generation in psychiatry to neurology. Here, we review the perspective that dopamine could bidirectionally control neural population dynamics, increasing or decreasing their strength and likelihood to reoccur in the future, a process previously termed neural reinforcement. We outline how the basal ganglia pathways could drive strengthening and weakening of circuit dynamics and discuss the implication of this hypothesis on the understanding of motor signs of Parkinson's disease (PD), the most frequent dopaminergic disorder. We propose that loss of dopamine in PD may lead to a pathological brain state where repetition of neural activity leads to weakening and instability, possibly explanatory for the fact that movement in PD deteriorates with repetition. Finally, we speculate on how therapeutic interventions such as deep brain stimulation may be able to reinstate reinforcement signals and thereby improve treatment strategies for PD in the future.

Neural circuit mechanisms of acupuncture effect: where are we now?

“…Modern medical research has shown that acupuncture exerts therapeutic effects through mechanisms such as anti-inflammatory effects ( 2 ), immunomodulation ( 3 ), regulation of synaptic plasticity ( 4 ), and anti-apoptotic processes ( 5 ). In recent years, acupuncture related neural circuit studies have become the focus of growing research interest, mainly in the areas of pain ( 6 ), pain-related anxiety ( 7 ), Parkinson’s disease ( 8 ), addiction ( 9 ), cognitive disorders ( 10 ), and gastrointestinal disorders ( 3 ). Here, we provide a review of current research with acupuncture-related neural circuit studies according to different diseases, and our objective is to provide new perspectives and a deeper understanding of how acupuncture works.…”