Dopant migration in conducting polymers

Indium contamination from the indium–tin–oxide electrode in polymer light-emitting diodes

“…In this respect, current research addresses the presence of impurities either as a consequence of device degradation or as the originator of the occurrence of breakdown. [8][9][10] Generally, it is tacitly assumed that the cleanliness of a device structure depends mainly on residuals unintentionally left from the polymer synthesis. In this letter, however, we report compelling evidence of a high level of impurities in the polymer film which originate from the electrodes prior to device operation.…”

Intensification of Conductivity and Solubility of Polypyrrole Using Acrylic Acid and Polyacrylic Acid Dopants

“…The IR spectrum of a pure polypyrrole is shown in Figure 1. The broad and deep peak at 3409 cm -1 is due to the N-H stretching of the pyrrole ring and the peaks at 1552 cm -1 and 1470 cm due to the presence of COO stretching vibration of COOH group present in the acrylic acid [11]. The peak at the region of 1410 cm -1 is assigned to the -C-OH in plane bending stretch which reveals the presence of the free acid group in the polymer matrix [12].…”