Doping control in horses: housing conditions and oral recycling of flunixin by ingestion of contaminated straw

Popot, Marie-Agnès; Garcia, Patrice; Bonnaire, Yves

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2885.2011.01276.x

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…However, flunixin was found in their urine samples by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) testing at Days 1 and 4 following vehicle treatment ( Table 5). The detection of flunixin at higher concentrations in urine and not in plasma was not unexpected based on earlier studies in horses [26,30]. Low oral bioavailability of FM in swine [19] could partially explain why environmental exposure to contaminated urine would be insufficient to result in detectable tissue residues, which was confirmed in current study.…”

Section: Assessment Of Flunixin Exposure In Untreated Pigs Due To Envsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…In addition, environmental contamination with drug residues represents another serious consideration. In a study by Popot et al [26], horses given FM while staying in the same stall with no daily bedding change had flunixin levels in urine that were detectably extended. It was concluded this was likely from ingestion of bedding contaminated by urine because renal clearance is the main route of flunixin excretion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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A study to assess the correlation between plasma, oral fluid and urine concentrations of flunixin meglumine with the tissue residue depletion profile in finishing-age swine

et al. 2020

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Background: Flunixin meglumine (FM) was investigated for the effectiveness of plasma, oral fluid, and urine concentrations to predict tissue residue depletion profiles in finishing-age swine, along with the potential for untreated pigs to acquire tissue residues following commingled housing with FM-treated pigs. Twenty pigs were housed in groups of three treated and one untreated control. Treated pigs received one 2.2 mg/kg dose of FM intramuscularly. Before treatment and at 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h (h) after treatment, plasma samples were taken. At 1, 4, 8, 12 and 16 days (d) post-treatment, necropsy and collection of plasma, urine, oral fluid, muscle, liver, kidney, and injection site samples took place. Analysis of flunixin concentrations using liquid chromatography/ tandem mass spectrometry was done. A published physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for flunixin in cattle was extrapolated to swine to simulate the measured data. Results: Plasma concentrations of flunixin were the highest at 1 h post-treatment, ranging from 1534 to 7040 ng/ mL, and were less than limit of quantification (LOQ) of 5 ng/mL in all samples on Day 4. Flunixin was detected in the liver and kidney only on Day 1, but was not found 4-16 d post-treatment. Flunixin was either not seen or found less than LOQ in the muscle, with the exception of one sample on Day 16 at a level close to LOQ. Flunixin was found in the urine of untreated pigs after commingled housing with FM-treated pigs. The PBPK model adequately correlated plasma, oral fluid and urine concentrations of flunixin with residue depletion profiles in liver, kidney, and muscle of finishing-age pigs, especially within 24 h after dosing.

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Section: Assessment Of Flunixin Exposure In Untreated Pigs Due To Envsupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

A study to assess the correlation between plasma, oral fluid and urine concentrations of flunixin meglumine with the tissue residue depletion profile in finishing-age swine

et al. 2020

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“…Coetzee (2015) worked with finishing-age swine in a commercial production and demonstrated that drugs excreted in urine and oral fluids of treated swine served as a source of drug contamination to untreated animals. Investigators in the United Kingdom and France have demonstrated the ability of horses treated with NSAIDs to recycle the drug through contaminated bedding, causing untreated pen mates to test positive ( Norgren et al, 2000 ; Popot et al, 2007 , 2011 ). Sheep treated with flunixin have been shown to concentrate the drug in their wool; thus, wool biting could elicit a positive drug test in untreated herd mates ( Richards et al, 2011 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of flunixin in the urine of untreated pigs housed with pigs treated with flunixin meglumine at labeled doses1

Hairgrove¹,

Mask²,

Mays

et al. 2019

Translational Animal Science

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The objective of this study was to determine the likelihood that swine treated with flunixin meglumine could contaminate their environment, which could cause untreated swine housed in the same pen to ingest or absorb enough drug to be detected in their urine. Currently, any detectable level of flunixin found in the urine of pigs exhibited at livestock shows in Texas can disqualify the exhibitor. We conducted 2 trials in this study. The first, a pilot trial, placed pigs in 2 pens, with each pen housing a pig that did not receive a drug and a treated pig that received 2.2 mg/kg of flunixin intramuscularly. This trial demonstrated that transfer of the drug from treated to untreated pigs housed in close proximity was possible. The second trial was conducted using 10 pens, with a treated and untreated pig in each pen. Each pig receiving treatment was randomly selected and administered 2.2 mg/kg of flunixin intramuscularly; then, urine and plasma were collected from all swine for 10 d. Flunixin was detected at or above the limit of detection of 0.1 ng/mL in the urine of all treated and untreated pigs throughout the 10-d trial. Treated pigs had higher urine levels of flunixin than their untreated pen mates for 4 d post-treatment (P < 0.0001), but there was no statistical difference between pen mates during the last 5 d of the trial, making it impossible to differentiate treated from untreated pigs.

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“…The use of prohibited substances in race and sports competition is strictly controlled and can lead to disqualification, important financial penalties, and disciplinary consequences in case of illicit use. These include a large variety of substances that can be found in the pharmacopeia , synthesized in clandestine laboratories, and sold over the black market or found in the environment …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These include a large variety of substances that can be found in the pharmacopeia, synthesized in clandestine laboratories, and sold over the black market [1][2][3] or found in the environment. 4,5 One class of therapeutic substances refers to erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESAs), which increases the blood oxygen transport and thus enhances muscular oxygenation through the production of red blood cells. 6 rHuEPOs are proteins that belong to the ESA class and can be prescribed in human subjects with severe kidney pathologies 7 and cancer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Screening and confirmatory analysis of recombinant human erythropoietin for racing camels' doping control

Delcourt¹,

Garcia²,

Chabot³

et al. 2020

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) belongs to the therapeutic class of erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESAs) due to its implication in the creation pathway of red blood cells and thus enhancement of oxygenation. Because of this bioactivity, rHuEPO has been considered as a major doping agent in sports competitions for decades. Over the years, doping control laboratories designed several analytical strategies applied to human and animal samples to highlight any misuse. Even though multiple analytical approaches have been reported, none has yet been dedicated to racing camels. Here, we describe an analytical strategy to test camel plasma samples at screening using an ELISA assay and a targeted nano‐liquid chromatography–high‐resolution tandem mass spectrometry for confirmatory analysis. The method was validated and has been successfully applied to post‐race samples, allowing the detection of a positive case of rHuEPO administration.

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Doping control in horses: housing conditions and oral recycling of flunixin by ingestion of contaminated straw

Cited by 9 publications

References 8 publications

A study to assess the correlation between plasma, oral fluid and urine concentrations of flunixin meglumine with the tissue residue depletion profile in finishing-age swine

A study to assess the correlation between plasma, oral fluid and urine concentrations of flunixin meglumine with the tissue residue depletion profile in finishing-age swine

Detection of flunixin in the urine of untreated pigs housed with pigs treated with flunixin meglumine at labeled doses1

Screening and confirmatory analysis of recombinant human erythropoietin for racing camels' doping control

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