Doping effect of boron and phosphorus on nitrogen-based mesoporous carbons as electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction in acid media

Enhanced electrocatalytic performance of nitrogen‐ and phosphorous‐functionalized carbon felt electrode for VO 2 + / VO 2 + redox reaction

“…26 The two peaks at 399 and 401.5 eV are also associated with P=N and P-N bonds, respectively. 25,29,35,36,40,41,[43][44][45][46][47][48] Accordingly, the aforementioned difference is attributed not only to the formation of pyridinic-N and graphitic-N functional groups but also to the formation of P=N and P-N bonds upon N and P co-doping. Analysis of the highresolution P 2p spectra of PCF ( Figure 4E) reveals that the peak can fitted into P-C and P-O at around 132.7 and 133.5 eV, respectively.…”

“…12,29,34,36,42,49,50 On the other hand, the P 2p high-resolution peak of NPCF ( Figure 4F) can be deconvoluted into P-C and P-N/P-O peaks at around 132.7 and 133.5 eV, respectively. 12,29,34,36,42,49,50 Zhang et al have announced the formation of P-N bond centered at 133.5 eV binding energy due to P-doping in carbon material including nitrogen. 50 Interestingly, the intensity of the signal at binding energy of 133.5 eV on P 2p spectra of NPCF is larger than that of PCF.…”

“…Recently, heteroatom doping into carbon materials has been proposed to modify their electronic structures and physicochemical properties of carbon materials 12,23‐35 . Unlike metal‐based or metal oxide‐based catalysts, heteroatom‐doped carbon materials do not undergo capacity fading even after prolonged battery operation because the heteroatoms are covalently bonded with adjacent carbon atoms in the carbon lattice 25 .…”

“…Recently, heteroatom doping into carbon materials has been proposed to modify their electronic structures and physicochemical properties of carbon materials. 12,[23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] Unlike metal-based or metal oxide-based catalysts, heteroatom-doped carbon materials do not undergo capacity fading even after prolonged battery operation because the heteroatoms are covalently bonded with adjacent carbon atoms in the carbon lattice. 25 N, which has an additional electron when compared to carbon, is a promising dopant for tuning the electronic and surface polarities of carbonaceous materials, thereby improving their electrochemical activity for use in a VRFB.…”

Electrocatalysts for low temperature fuel cells

“…The heteroatom-containing precursor method can achieve the in-situ homogeneous incorporation of heteroatom into carbonaceous materials, without pre-or post-processing. The vast majority of reports dealing with polymer materials involve the study of N-containing polymers, most frequently polypyrrole (PPy) [77,94,[98][99][100][101][102][103] and polyaniline (PAni) [77,95,97,[104][105][106][107], but also biopolymer as chitosan [23,108], and more recently polydopamine [109].…”