Doping of the Metal Oxide Nanostructure and its Influence in Organic Electronics

Abstract

Synthesizing metal oxides through the sol–gel process provides a convenient way for forming a nanostructured layer in wide band gap semiconductors. In this paper, a unique method of introducing dopants into the metal oxide semiconductor is presented. The doped TiO2 is prepared by adding a Cs2CO3 solution to a nanocrystalline TiO2 solution that is synthesized via a non‐hydrolytic sol–gel process. The properties of the TiO2:Cs layer are investigated and the results show stable nanostructure morphology. In addition to providing morphological stability, Cs in TiO2 also gives rise to a more desirable work function for charge transport in organic electronics. Polymer solar cells based on the poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT): methanofullerene (PC70BM) system with the addition of a TiO2:Cs interfacial layer exhibit excellent characteristics with a power conversion efficiency of up to 4.2%. The improved device performance is attributed to an improved polymer/metal contact, more efficient electron extraction, and better hole blocking properties. The effectiveness of this unique functionality also extends to polymer light emitting devices, where a lower driving voltage, improved efficiency, and extended lifetime are demonstrated.

MoOx and V2Ox as hole and electron transport layers through functionalized intercalation in normal and inverted organic optoelectronic devices

“…[24][25][26][27][28][29][30] Moreover, for instance, Cs-doped TiO 2 , Csdoped ZnO, Al-doped ZnO, Al-doped MoO 3 and metal oxides incorporated with other functional elements have been developed to realize efficient carrier transport with other features of high conductivity, the carrier blocking effect and optical enhancement. [31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38] These doped metal oxide interfacial layers require high-temperature annealing or co-evaporation methods, and the film formation is usually limited to either normal or inverted device architecture only.…”

Facile preparation of TiOXfilm as an interface material for efficient inverted polymer solar cells

“…), and the ITO coated glass as the cathode is modied using stable n-type metal oxides such as titanium oxide (TiO X ), [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] zinc oxide (ZnO), [26][27][28] and cesium carbonate (Cs 2 CO 3 ).…”

Interfacial Layer Engineering for Performance Enhancement in Polymer Solar Cells

“…The results demonstrate that TiOx is an excellent cathode IFL and provides optical space for high-performance PSCs. Later, Yang and coworkers developed a novel approach for fabricating high-performance PSCs by introducing dopants into metals oxide IFLs [107]. The Cs doped TiO2 is prepared via adding Cs2CO3 solution to the nanocrystalline TiO2 solution.…”