Dormancy break of celery (Apium graveolens L.) seeds by plant derived smoke extract

Thomas, T. H.; Staden, J. Van

doi:10.1007/bf00024725

Cited by 91 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Lettuce (Drewes et al 1995) and Celery (Thomas and Van Staden 1995) have shown enhanced germination with smoke. Smoke treatments could possibly be used to promote synchronous germination of seeds and to increase the rate of germination.…”

Section: Smoke-derived Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant derived smoke stimulation for seed germination and enhancement of crop growth: A review

Govindaraj¹,

Masilamani²,

Albert³

et al. 2016

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Smoke is an important factor involved in fire and post fire germination cues. The role of smoke in stimulating germination was first highlighted in South Africa in a study on Audouinia capitata, a threatened fynbos species. Farmers throughout the world have traditionally used fire and smoke in grain drying practices. It is thought that these methods improve germination and seedling vigor. Smoke has been applied in agriculture mainly by two ways viz., Aerosol method and Smoke water method. In aerosol method, seeds were directly exposed to smoke generated from burning plant material. Smoke-water is one of the most convenient means of application. The biologically active compounds present in smoke readily dissolve in water and when this smoke-extract is used as a diluted solution, treated seeds of many species show a marked improvement in germination. The main active germination compound of smoke-water derived from burned plant materials and cellulose has been identified as butenolide [3-methyl-2H-furo (2, 3-c) pyran-2-one], which is effective at very low concentrations (1 ppb). The compound has recently been referred to as "karrikinolide". Following the initial isolation of KAR1, a whole new family of plant growth regulators, termed 'karrikins', were identified in smoke and several related compounds have been synthesized. It is estimated that between 2 and 5 g of KAR1 is more than sufficient for 1 ha of land application rates that are commercially viable. Application of smoke in various agricultural, horticultural forage and forestry crops had found that smoke acted as a cue for breaking seeds of dormancy, improve seed germination, seedling growth, flowering, plant biomass of different plant families, Invitro plantlet regeneration and pathogen control (Anti-microbial properties).

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Section: Smoke-derived Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant derived smoke stimulation for seed germination and enhancement of crop growth: A review

Govindaraj¹,

Masilamani²,

Albert³

et al. 2016

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“…The work of NBI marked a watershed that elicited research interest in smoke and seed germination in South Africa and around the world. Evidence of the effect of smoke on seed germination in botanical and agricultural crops has been reported (Thomas & Van Staden, 1995;Adkins & Peters, 2001;Light & Van Staden, 2004;Modi, 2004). It is significant that after numerous attempts to find the element that triggers germination in smoke, it was finally elucidated as butenolide (3-methyl-2H-furo[2,3-c]pyran-2-one) (Flematti et al, 2004).…”

Section: Seed Germinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crop physiology: A perspective for southern Africa

Modi

Greenfield

2010

South African Journal of Plant and Soil

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Crop physiology is a broad subject and a comprehensive treatise of all its aspects is impossible, even in a whole volume dedicated to the subject. With a few exceptions, plant physiology, rather than crop physiology, is commonly the focus when physiological aspects of plant growth and development are reviewed in biological sciences. Plant and crop physiology are distinguishable by the manner in which one is almost purely basic and the other tends towards application of the science in crop management. Therefore, the objective of this review was to highlight crop production-oriented physiological research that has shaped our current knowledge and research activities in the past few decades, especially the latter part of the past century. Source-sink relationships, stress physiology, mineral nutrition and seed physiology were identified as the key aspects of crop physiology that influence crop production. Each of these aspects is addressed to identify its significance in crop performance and to highlight both the breakthroughs and gaps in our contemporary knowledge of crop physiology. There was no attempt to provide fundamental interpretations. The reader is referred to relevant appraisals of crop and plant physiology, to gain further insight into original data. Since the review is also meant to contribute to further education in crop production, views on the challenge of training future crop scientists are expressed in the final section.

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“…Alternatively, cytokinin accumulation may enhance GA responses rather than be regulated by GA responses. In lettuce and celery (Apium graveolens), cytokinins were reported to increase GA activity in seed germination (Khan, 1971;Thomas and Van Staden, 1995). Therefore, exogenous applications of cytokinins could overcome gaiinduced GA insensitivity in transgenic plants and restore male fertility.…”

Section: The Ga-insensitive Male Sterility Phenotype In Transgenic Tomentioning

confidence: 99%

Transgenic Studies on the Involvement of Cytokinin and Gibberellin in Male Development

et al. 2003

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Numerous plant hormones interact during plant growth and development. Elucidating the role of these various hormones on particular tissue types or developmental stages has been difficult with exogenous applications or constitutive expression studies. Therefore, we used tissue-specific promoters expressing CKX1 and gai, genes involved in oxidative cytokinin degradation and gibberellin (GA) signal transduction, respectively, to study the roles of cytokinin and GA in male organ development. Accumulation of CKX1 in reproductive tissues of transgenic maize (Zea mays) resulted in male-sterile plants. The male development of these plants was restored by applications of kinetin and thidiazuron. Similarly, expression of gai specifically in anthers and pollen of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and Arabidopsis resulted in the abortion of these respective tissues. The gai-induced male-sterile phenotype exhibited by the transgenic plants was reversible by exogenous applications of kinetin. Our results provide molecular evidence of the involvement of cytokinin and GA in male development and support the hypothesis that the male development is controlled in concert by multiple hormones. These studies also suggest a potential method for generating maintainable male sterility in plants by using existing agrochemicals that would reduce the expense of seed production for existing hybrid crops and provide a method to produce hybrid varieties of traditionally non-hybrid crops.Evidence of the involvement of cytokinins and GAs in male reproductive development of flowering plants has resulted from the studies of exogenous applications and endogenous measurements of cytokinins and GAs in various wild-type and male-sterile plants (for review, see Sawhney and Shukla, 1994). Typically, deficiencies in endogenous cytokinins and GAs result in the delay or elimination of anthesis, whereas exogenous applications shorten the time to anthesis. Anthers of several male-sterile mutants including the sl-2 (stamenless-2) mutant of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum; Sawhney and Shukla, 1994) and a genic male-sterile line of rapeseed (Brassica napus; Shukla and Sawhney, 1993) have lower endogenous cytokinin levels. Cytokinins have also been shown to reverse cytoplasmic male sterility in barley (Hordeum vulgare;Ahokas, 1982). In the female plants of dioecious species such as hemp (Cannabis sativa) and spinach (Spinacia oleracea), and the gynoecious line of cucumber (Cucumis sativus), the formation of male flowers is promoted by exogenous applications of GAs (Mitchell and Wittwer, 1962;Pike and Peterson, 1969;Mohan Ram and Jaiswal, 1972; Khrianin, 1978a, 1978b). GAs also rescue fertility of male-sterile mutants of barley, cosmos (Cosmos bipinnatus), and tomato (Phatak et al., 1966;Kasembe, 1967;Rana and Jain, 1968;Sawhney and Greyson, 1973;Schmidt and Schmidt, 1981). Conversely, 2-chloroethyl-trimethyl ammonium chloride, a GA biosynthesis inhibitor, reduces the number of male flowers in cucumber (Mitchell and Wittwer, 1962). Moreover, when the endogenous GA le...

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Dormancy break of celery (Apium graveolens L.) seeds by plant derived smoke extract

Cited by 91 publications

References 6 publications

Plant derived smoke stimulation for seed germination and enhancement of crop growth: A review

Plant derived smoke stimulation for seed germination and enhancement of crop growth: A review

Crop physiology: A perspective for southern Africa

Transgenic Studies on the Involvement of Cytokinin and Gibberellin in Male Development

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