Dose-related genotoxic effect of T-2 toxin measured by comet assay using peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy pigs

Horvatovich, Katalin; Hafner, Dóra; Bodnár, Zsófia; Berta, Gergely; Hancz, Csaba; Dutton, Mike F.; Kovács, Melinda

doi:10.1556/avet.2013.010

Cited by 17 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…The rapid onset of symptoms in minutes to hours supports a diagnosis of a chemical or toxin attack. Symptoms of T-2 toxicity are evidenced most frequently as reduced feed intake, weight loss, skin irritation, itching, diarrhea, bleeding, feed refusal, dyspnea, and vomiting [83,71] and range critically to haemorrhages and necrosis in the GI tract, reproductive organs and hematopoietic organs such as the bone marrow and spleen [61]. T-2 has also been reported to exert an important impact on reproductive performance in pigs [18].…”

Section: Determination Of the T-2 Toxin: Methods And Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The T-2 toxin is known to impact the synthesis of biomolecules such as DNA, RNA and proteins, thus inhibiting cellular functions such as the cell cycle and resulting in apoptosis [42] [71]. Due to its structural distinctiveness along with the HT-2 toxin, unlike other trichothecenes, it impedes protein synthesis by inhibiting the polypeptide chain initiation process.…”

Section: Genotoxic and Cytotoxic Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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T-2 mycotoxin: toxicological effects and decontamination strategies

et al. 2017

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Mycotoxins are highly diverse secondary metabolites produced in nature by a wide variety of fungus which causes food contamination, resulting in mycotoxicosis in animals and humans. In particular, trichothecenes mycotoxin produced by genus fusarium is agriculturally more important worldwide due to the potential health hazards they pose. It is mainly metabolized and eliminated after ingestion, yielding more than 20 metabolites with the hydroxy trichothecenes-2 toxin being the major metabolite. Trichothecene is hazardously intoxicating due to their additional potential to be topically absorbed, and their metabolites affect the gastrointestinal tract, skin, kidney, liver, and immune and hematopoietic progenitor cellular systems. Sensitivity to this type of toxin varying from dairy cattle to pigs, with the most sensitive endpoints being neural, reproductive, immunological and hematological effects. The mechanism of action mainly consists of the inhibition of protein synthesis and oxidative damage to cells followed by the disruption of nucleic acid synthesis and ensuing apoptosis. In this review, the possible hazards, historical significance, toxicokinetics, and the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects along with regulatory guidelines and recommendations pertaining to the trichothecene mycotoxin are discussed. Furthermore, various techniques utilized for toxin determination, pathophysiology, prophylaxis and treatment using herbal antioxidant compounds and regulatory guidelines and recommendations are reviewed. The prospects of the trichothecene as potential hazardous agents, decontamination strategies and future perspectives along with plausible therapeutic uses are comprehensively described.

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Section: Determination Of the T-2 Toxin: Methods And Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Genotoxic and Cytotoxic Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

T-2 mycotoxin: toxicological effects and decontamination strategies

et al. 2017

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“…On day 21, comet assay was performed as described previously (Horvatovich et al 2013) to assess DNA damage in the lymphocytes of rabbits, with the following modifications: after mixing 50 μl of whole blood with 1 ml of 1% low melting point (LMP) agarose, 140 μl of this mixture were placed (in 2 drops) on a pre-coated (1% normal melting point [NMP] agarose) slide and then immediately covered with a cover slip to avoid dehydration. Tail intensity (% DNA in the tail) was determined with an epifluorescent microscope (B600 TiFL; optimum filter 4 and λ = 302 nm; Optika, Italy) and Comet IV (version 4.3.1.)…”

Section: Comet Assaymentioning

confidence: 99%

Subchronic exposure to deoxynivalenol exerts slight effect on the immune system and liver morphology of growing rabbits

et al. 2017

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As the most common grain contaminant worldwide, deoxynivalenol is of high importance despite its low toxicity compared to other trichothecene mycotoxins. Data on the effects of deoxynivalenol in rabbits are scarce. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary deoxynivalenol fed at a high level (10 mg/kg of feed) on the productive performance, blood indices, immunological variables, histopathological changes, and genotoxicity in rabbits. Forty-eight Pannon White rabbits were exposed to contaminated diets for three weeks. Despite its high concentration, deoxynivalenol did not affect the feed intake, body weight, and body weight gain. Liver and kidney function was not affected, as shown by the clinical chemistry indices. Conversely, in two rabbits the toxin caused mild fibrosis of the liver, without degenerative changes of the hepatocytes. No genotoxicity could be observed either. Gut cytokines and the phagocytic activity of the macrophages did not differ significantly. The percentage of neutrophils was significantly lower, whereas that of eosinophils was significantly higher in the toxin-fed group. Deoxynivalenol did not cause significant changes in gut and villus morphology. In 4 out of the 6 deoxynivalenol-treated animals, the ratio of lymphoblast proliferation and simultaneous apoptosis shifted towards apoptosis in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue. In the central part of the lymphoid follicles of the spleen, lymphocyte depletion and follicular atrophy could be detected. It can be concluded that rabbits are less sensitive to deoxynivalenol, but the findings confirm that this Fusarium toxin is capable of modulating the immune response. Mycotoxin, immune response, histology, blood indicesMycotoxins are secondary metabolites of filamentous fungi occurring worldwide. Despite being the least toxic trichothecene, the ubiquitous occurrence of deoxynivalenol (DON) in grains increases its importance for food and feed safety. The pig is the most sensitive, whereas ruminants are the least sensitive animal species to DON (Pestka and Smolinski 2005;Pestka 2007;Sobrova et al. 2010). Monogastric animals are extremely prone to growth and body weight gain suppression upon DON exposure. Deoxynivalenol possesses immunomodulatory properties as well (Pestka and Smolinski 2005). To the best of our knowledge, only few experiments have been conducted with DON in rabbits (Khera et al. 1986;Hewitt et al. 2012). The aim of this study, therefore, was to investigate the effects of 10 ppm (mg/kg feed) of dietary DON which is twice as much as the highest guidance value

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“…For visualisation, an Optika fluorescent microscope (Ponteranica, Italy) was used where 200 cells per sample were scored. Manual scoring was carried out as described by Horvatovich et al (2013). Comet were classified into scores of '0' , '1' , '2' , '3' and '4' according to DNA damage and head/tail migration.…”

Section: Comet Assaymentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual and combined effects of feed artificially contaminated with with fumonisin B1 and T-2 toxin in weaned rabbits

Hafner

Szabó

D’Costa

et al. 2016

WMJ

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Co-contamination of feed and feed raw materials with two or more mycotoxins is frequently reported, however, only a few studies have investigated the combined effects of low doses of multiple mycotoxins. In the present study the individual and combined effects of 10 mg/kg fumonisin B 1 and 2 mg/kg T-2 toxin (n=12/group) were investigated in weaned rabbits. Mycotoxin contaminated feed was produced by adding fungal cultures of Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium sporotrichioides, and fed to 40 days old rabbits during 28 days. Feed intake and body weight were measured weekly, serum biochemistry and antioxidant parameters on day 0, 14 and 28, while histopathological examination and comet assay were performed at the end of the experiment. T-2 exposure both alone and in combination resulted in 15-18% less final body weight compared to the control and FB 1 treatment. There was a significant increase in the concentration of plasma total protein, albumin, fructosamine and creatinine in the group treated with FB 1 compared to the control. The liver and the kidney of most animals treated with T-2 toxin, FB 1 and their combination showed pathological changes, occurring more frequent in animals exposed to both toxins. T-2 resulted in depletion of lymphocytes in the spleen. FB 1 and T-2 exerted synergistic effect on the antioxidant/oxidative parameters after 2 weeks of exposure, manifesting in less glutathione and glutathione peroxidase, while more malondialdehyde was produced. Both toxins caused DNA damage in the lymphocytes, which was more pronounced in the group fed T-2 toxin and T-2 combined with FB 1 , without additive or synergistic effects.

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Dose-related genotoxic effect of T-2 toxin measured by comet assay using peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy pigs

Cited by 17 publications

References 42 publications

T-2 mycotoxin: toxicological effects and decontamination strategies

T-2 mycotoxin: toxicological effects and decontamination strategies

Subchronic exposure to deoxynivalenol exerts slight effect on the immune system and liver morphology of growing rabbits

Individual and combined effects of feed artificially contaminated with with fumonisin B1 and T-2 toxin in weaned rabbits

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