Dose related risk of motor vehicle crashes after cannabis use

Ramaekers, J.G.; Berghaus, Günter; Laar, Margriet van; Drummer, Olaf H.

doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2003.10.008

Cited by 497 publications

(352 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…As the night passes, students reported more frequent use of cocaine, ecstasy, and LSD. Multiple drug use, as found in the present study, has been reported for the population, in particular for the young adults (Furr-Holden et al, 2006;Midanik et al, 2007), which leads to an increased effect on psychomotor performance, as well as an increase in traffic accident risk (Laumon et al, 2005;Ramaekers et al, 2004Ramaekers et al, , 2006Richer and Bergeron, 2009). It should be mentioned that, in the present study, no information was recorded regarding exposure in terms of kilometres driven.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Predictors of driving after alcohol and drug use among adolescents in Valencia (Spain)

Dols

González

Aleixandre³

et al. 2010

Accident Analysis & Prevention

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a b s t r a c tBackground: Driving under the influence of alcohol and drugs has been identified as a risk factor for road traffic crashes. We have assessed the prevalence and predictor factors for driving after alcohol and drug use by adolescents. Methods: A cross-sectional survey involving 11,239 students aged 14-18 years from 252 private and public schools in the Valencia region of Spain was conducted. The prevalence and predictors of driving after alcohol use, alcohol and drug use, or drug use during the previous 6 months were measured. Results: Of the students who reported driving (20%), 45.1% indicated driving after alcohol and drug use. The consumption of various drugs was higher among students who drove a vehicle compared with those who did not. The likelihood of driving after consuming alcohol, or alcohol and drugs, increased in line with the number of standard drink units per week, reports of any lifetime alcohol-or drug-related problems, and poor family relationship. In addition, masculine gender and early alcohol use increased the likelihood of driving after consuming alcohol. Conclusions: Driving after alcohol and drug use is quite prevalent among adolescents in the Valencia region of Spain. There is a need for implementation of targeted policies for adolescents. This should focus on education and information on alcohol/drug use and driving.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Predictors of driving after alcohol and drug use among adolescents in Valencia (Spain)

Dols

González

Aleixandre³

et al. 2010

Accident Analysis & Prevention

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“…Experimental laboratory studies measure skills related to driving, but do not necessarily reflect performance in the real world [48]. Critical tracking tasks, stop signal tasks, and assessments of executive function such as "Tower of London" tests cannot fully reproduce the complexity of our experience on the road.…”

Section: Driver Simulation Studies and Actual Driving Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Medical Marijuana and Driving: a Review

et al. 2014

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Medical marijuana remains a highly debated treatment regimen despite removal of state penalties against care providers prescribing the drug and patients treated with the drug in many areas of the USA. The utility of marijuana in specific medical conditions has been studied at length, but its effects on driving performance and risk of motor vehicle collision remain unclear. As with other medications that affect psychomotor function, the healthcare provider should be informed of the potential risks of driver safety prior to prescribing this psychotropic drug to give appropriate anticipatory guidance for appropriate use. The goal of this narrative review is to assess the current literature regarding marijuana as it relates to driving performance and traffic safety. With a foundation in the pharmacology of cannabinoids, we consider the limitations of testing cannabinoid and metabolite concentration. In addition, we will review studies on driving performance and epidemiological studies implicating marijuana in motor vehicle collisions. The increasing prevalence of medical marijuana laws in the USA suggests that clinicians should be aware of marijuana's influence on public safety. Patients should abstain from driving for 8 h if they achieve a subjective "high" from self-treatment with smoked marijuana and should be aware of the cumulative effects of alcohol and other psychoactive xenobiotics.

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“…During two test sessions, separated by 1 week, blinded subjects received in randomized order either 300 mg THC/kg body weight in tobacco cigarettes in the exposure condition (Ramaekers et al, 2004), or 0 mg THC/kg body weight in tobacco cigarettes in the placebo condition. THC and placebo exposure took place minimally 4 h after the last nicotine and caffeine intake and within 15 min after a standardized meal and caffeine-free beverage.…”

Section: Design and Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Experimental Study of Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Val158Met Moderation of Δ-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol-Induced Effects on Psychosis and Cognition

Henquet

Rosa

Krabbendam

et al. 2006

Neuropsychopharmacol

286

210

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Observational studies have suggested that psychometric psychosis liability and a functional polymorphism in the catechol-Omethyltransferase (COMT Val 158 Met) gene moderate the psychosis-inducing effect of cannabis. To replicate and extend this finding, a double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over design was used in which patients with a psychotic disorder (n ¼ 30), relatives of patients with a psychotic disorder (n ¼ 12), and healthy controls (n ¼ 32) were exposed to D-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (D-9-THC, the principal component of cannabis) or placebo, followed by cognitive assessment and assessment of current psychotic experiences. Previous expression of psychometric psychosis liability was also assessed. Models of current psychotic experiences and cognition were examined with multilevel random regression analyses to assess (i) main effects of genotype and condition, (ii) interactions between condition and genotype, and (iii) three-way interactions between condition, genotype, and psychometric psychosis liability. Carriers of the Val allele were most sensitive to D-9-THC-induced psychotic experiences, but this was conditional on prior evidence of psychometric psychosis liability. D-9-THC impacted negatively on cognitive measures. Carriers of the Val allele were also more sensitive to D-9-THC-induced memory and attention impairments compared to carriers of the Met allele. Experimental effects of D-9-THC on cognition and psychosis are moderated by COMT Val 158 Met genotype, but the effects may in part be conditional on the additional presence of pre-existing psychosis liability. The association between cannabis and psychosis may represent higher order gene-environment and gene-gene interactions.

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Dose related risk of motor vehicle crashes after cannabis use

Cited by 497 publications

References 31 publications

Predictors of driving after alcohol and drug use among adolescents in Valencia (Spain)

Predictors of driving after alcohol and drug use among adolescents in Valencia (Spain)

Medical Marijuana and Driving: a Review

An Experimental Study of Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Val158Met Moderation of Δ-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol-Induced Effects on Psychosis and Cognition

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