Dose-response relationship between dietary magnesium intake and cardiovascular mortality: A systematic review and dose-based meta-regression analysis of prospective studies

Abstract

a b s t r a c tBackground: Although epidemiology studies have reported the relationship, including a dose-response relationship, between dietary magnesium intake and risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), the risk for CVD mortality is inconclusive and the evidence for a dose-response relationship has not been summarized. Objective: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies to summarize the evidence regarding the association of dietary magnesium intake with risk of CVD mortality and describe their dose-response relationship. Design: We identified relevant studies by searching major scientific literature databases and grey literature resources from their inception to August 2015, and reviewed references lists of retrieved articles. We included population-based studies that reported mortality risks, i.e. relative risks (RRs), odds ratios (ORs) or hazard ratios (HRs) of CVD mortality or cause-specific CVD death. Linear dose-response relationships were assessed using random-effects meta-regression. Potential nonlinear associations were evaluated using restricted cubic splines. Results: Out of 3002 articles, 9 articles from 8 independent studies met the eligibility criteria. These studies comprised 449,748 individuals and 10,313 CVD deaths. Compared with the lowest dietary magnesium consumption group in the population, the risk of CVD mortality was reduced by 16% in women and 8% in men. No significant linear dose-response relationship was found between increment in dietary magnesium intake and CVD mortality across all the studies. After adjusting for age and BMI, the risk of CVD mortality was reduced by 24-25% per 100 mg/d increment in dietary magnesium intake in women of all the participants and in all the US participants. Conclusion: Although the combined data confirm the role of dietary magnesium intake in reducing CVD mortality, the dose-response relationship was only found among women and in US population.

The health gains and cost savings of dietary salt reduction interventions, with equity and age distributional aspects

“…We also did not consider the benefit of salt substitution in terms of magnesium intake (e.g., the salt used in the trial in the Netherlands [ 27 ] used a natural salt from Iceland that was 17 % magnesium salts). Indeed, there is evidence that higher dietary intake of magnesium is associated with reduced CVD mortality according to a systematic review [ 42 ]. Similarly, for reduced risk of metabolic syndrome according to another systematic review [ 43 ].…”

Dietary Magnesium and Cardiovascular Disease: A Review with Emphasis in Epidemiological Studies

“…Several epidemiological studies across North American [ 6 , 47 , 54 , 55 , 56 ], Asian [ 48 , 51 ], and, to a lesser degree, European populations [ 57 ] of middle-aged men and women have prospectively evaluated the associations between dietary Mg intake and risk of CV death yielding inconclusive results. With the purpose of summarizing the existing evidence on the topic, two meta-analyses have been published to date [ 58 , 59 ]. In a first meta-analysis, Xu et al [ 58 ] included a total of six prospective studies comprising more than 200,000 men and women with a follow-up ranging between 10 and 26 years.…”

Can pulses play a role in improving cardiometabolic health? Evidence from systematic reviews and meta‐analyses

“…Suggested reasons for this observed CVD risk benefit may be related to specific nutrients and properties found in legumes (i.e., fiber, magnesium, potassium, folate, phytochemicals, low GI, etc. ), observed benefits of non‐soy legumes on various cardiometabolic risk factors (see below), and, potentially, the replacement of certain foods with legumes (i.e., red meat and high‐GI foods) …”