Dose-Response Relationships of Resistance Training in Adults With Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Abstract

Fraud in the conduct and publication of scientific research isn't new. But rapid advances in artificial intelligence systems, especially generative AI language programming such as ChatGPT (OpenAI, San Francisco, CA; GPT stands for Generative Pretrained Transformer), make it much easier to commit widespread fraud in ways that are ever more difficult for employers, editors, reviewers, and publishers to detect and reject. Consequently, it becomes increasingly challenging to ensure that papers published in scientific and professional journals are indeed genuine. The stakes are very high for healthcare journals because clinical decisions will be made based on the "evidence" disseminated to the field. Consider the rather shocking example of Spanish chemical scientist Professor Rafael Luque, one of the world's most highly cited research authors. 1 He was sanctioned and suspended without pay for 13 years from the University of Cordoba when it was discovered that other universities, seeking to improve their ranking in the world, had paid to have him add their institution's name to his list of affiliated institutions in exchange for little to no actual work. Even more appalling, at age 44 he has published (well, his name is listed on) over 950 papers; between January and April of this year he published 58 articles, one every 37 hours! How could this be? Apparently, he has also added his name to articles written by others, including co-authorship on a paper written by a student using data stolen by that student from another lab. At least one of Luque's papers was found to have been AI generated; it had previously been offered for sale online. Luque admits that he uses ChatGPT to "polish" his manuscript texts. While this case is admittedly egregious, it highlights several kinds of publication fraud (all of which may be worsened using AI systems), and shows that it is quite possible to fool employers, editors, reviewers and publishers for years without being caught.Plagiarism is an age-old fraud, and in fact AI systems have been developed for positive purposes to detect and flag text in submitted manuscripts that appears to have been previously published. Through the Editorial Manager submission system, we use one such program, iThenticate (Turnitin, Oakland, CA). Enterprising fraudsters have found ways around these plagiarism detectors, however, by rephrasing text or inserting some new phrasing into the existing text. And now, for those who don't want to do their own cheating, there are AI programs that will write