Doses to patients in routine X-ray examinations in Malaysia.

Abstract

A collaborative national survey initiated by the University of Malaya and the Ministry of Health was conducted from 1993 to 1995 to establish baseline patient dose data for seven common types (12 projections) of X-ray examinations in Malaysia. A total of 12 randomly selected public hospitals and 867 patients were included in this survey. The entrance surface doses (ESD) received by the patients were measured using thermoluminescent dosemeters (TLDs) attached to the patient's skin. Histograms are presented showing wide, positively skewed distributions of measured entrance surface doses for each examination. Mean, median, first and third quartile values of ESD and median effective dose are reported. Survey results are generally comparable with those reported in the UK, USA and by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). The results also provide information on dose level for a lower weight population (mean weight 60 kg) compared with the international reference dose values based on a 70 kg standard. The findings support the importance of the on-going national quality assurance programme to ensure doses are kept to a level consistent with optimum image quality. The data will also be useful for the formulation of national guidance levels as recommended by the IAEA. Furthermore, this study provides patient dosimetry information on healthcare level II countries.

Protective aprons in imaging departments: manufacturer stated lead equivalence values require validation

“…Although nowadays in most hospitals, quality assurance of X-ray equipment and subsequent processing is often rigorous [14,15], careful examination of protective clothing does not appear to receive the same attention. The current data, demonstrates the need to include comprehensive testing of protective aprons in QA strategies.…”

Entrance Surface Dose for patient`s undergoing X-ray examinations at Sebha medical center "Libya"

“…The radiographic technique parameters recorded in this study show that there are variations in the technique factors when compared with other work [2,8,9,10,12,14]. Varying radiographic voltage, reduced FSD and increasing mAs were used in this study.…”

“…The body mass index calculated by weight/ (height) 2 is an indication of the patient size and shape [8]. The descriptive statistics of ESD i.e the minimum, first quartile, third quartile, maximum, mean and median are shown in Table-2.…”

Continuous Improvement of the Diagnostic Reference Levels for Medical X-Ray Radiography

“…医疗照射是最大的人工电离辐射源， 而 X 射线诊 断频率占比最高 [1] 。随着国民经济和社会的发展，一 方面，人们使用医用 X 射线诊断检查的应用频率不断 增加 [2,3] ； 另一方面人们又更加关注自身的放射防护问 [14,15,19] ，立陶宛在 2010 年 [23] 与 2005 年的值 [22] 相比 降低；其次，制订 DRL 的部位和类别逐渐增多；另 外，很多地区根据本地情况，在国家水平的基础上还 不断完善的医用 X 射线摄影诊断指导水平 …”