Dosimetry, Epidemiology and Toxicology of Nanoparticles

Abstract

The sections in this article are Introduction Overview General Background Epidemiological Evidence for Health Effect Associations with Ambient Particulate Matter Toxicological Evidence for Ambient Particulate Matter Induced Adverse Health Effects Inhaled Nanoparticle Dosimetry Particle Measures Deposition of Ultrafine Particles in the Respiratory System Fate of Particles in the Lungs Soluble Particle Compounds Slowly Dissolving and Insoluble Particles Deposited on the Airway Wall Slowly Dissolving and Insoluble Particles Deposited in the Alveolar Region Macrophage‐mediated Particle Transport Translocation of Ultrafine Particles into Systemic Circulation Studies of Systemic Particle Translocation in Humans Studies of Systemic Particle Translocation in Animals Toxicological Plausibility of Health Effects Caused by Nanoparticles Pulmonary Inflammation Induced by Ultrafine Particles Systemic Inflammation and other Responses Relevant Parameters in Nanoparticle Toxicology Number Concentration and Surface Area Particle Shape (Fibers and Nanotubes) Transition Metals Organic Compounds Extrapolation of Health Effects Observed in Animals towards Human Integrated Concept of Risk Assessment of Nanoparticles

Quantification of Nanomaterial/Nanomedicine Trafficking in Vivo

“…To overcome these problems, 14 C-labeled molecules or polymers could be employed to modify the surface of NMs/NPs. , Gao et al studied the distribution of radioactive ultrasmall nanoclusters, [ 64 Cu]­Cu NC @BSA via γ-counter, and reported that these nanoclusters mainly distributed in the liver, spleen, and kidneys after absorption and could be quickly secreted via kidney (Figure c). Radioisotopes can also be incorporated into the skeleton of NMs/NPs through atomic doping or neutron activation. , Skeleton 13 C-enriched carbon-based NMs/NPs, such as CNTs, carbon nanoparticles, and graphene, have been prepared using 13 C-enriched amorphous carbon as the precursor and quantified for biodistribution in vivo through measurements of isotopic ratio using mass spectroscopic techniques such as isotope ratio mass spectroscopy and multicollector-mass spectrometry. , Applying this methodology, Yang et al found that carbon-based NMs/NPs accumulated primarily in the lung, liver, and spleen and were retained in these organs at relatively high levels over a long time . Besides, direct neutron-activation of NPs per se is also applicable for distribution study.…”

Identity crisis of nanostructures inside the human body: a perspective on inflammation

“…In addition, owing to their small size, nanostructures can assess areas of the body far from their point of entry. According to Kreyling et al (2013), the translocation of nanoparticles across membranes is also greatly aided by biomolecules' binding to nanoparticles. Top-down and bottom-up are the two strategies for the synthesis of nanostructures.…”