Double advantage or disadvantage? – Parental education and children's developmental stages in Italy

Rebane, Marit

doi:10.13085/eijtur.12.1.49-72

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 120 publications

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“…Scholars continue to evolve the developmental gradient framework, demonstrating diverse contexts for transmitting intergenerational (dis)advantage by identifying educational differences in developmental gradients. Time-diary studies on Spain, Italy, Germany, and Australia consistently reported a developmental gradient for highly educated parents and more considerable educational differences in children's ages when a given childcare activity is assumed to be critical for child development than other ages (Blaurock & Kluczniok, 2018;Gracia, 2014;O'Flaherty & Baxter, 2020;Rebane, 2015). The developmental gradient framework initially focused on children's academic outcomes and was also adapted to describe parents' health investments.…”

Section: Research Gaps and Study Contributionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in Developmental Gradient in Mothers’ Childcare Time by Maternal Education, 2003-2019

Gao

2023

Preprint

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There has been a convergence in childcare time between more- and less-educated mothers in the United States after 2000, driven by less-educated mothers’ faster rates of increasing their childcare time. Researchers have proposed the diffusion of intensive mothering ideology to lower-SES mothers as one potential mechanism for this convergence, but this hypothesis has not been tested. This study applies a developmental framework of maternal time investment — mothers invest more time in developmentally appropriate childcare activities at children’s specific ages than other ages — to empirically investigate this question. Using the American Time Use Survey (ATUS) from 2003 to 2019 (N = 34,232), this study examines whether the educational differences in developmental gradients were narrowing, which would be consistent with a cultural diffusion pattern. Results show that in 2003, mothers with bachelor’s degrees were more likely than mothers with less education to follow the developmentally appropriate time investment. By 2019, above and beyond correlated demographic and employment factors, less-educated mothers’ time investment in childcare was in line with the developmental gradient, which was similar to the pattern for mothers with bachelor’s degrees. This study adds evidence for a cultural explanation to the flattened educational gradient in mothers’ childcare time.

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Section: Research Gaps and Study Contributionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in Developmental Gradient in Mothers’ Childcare Time by Maternal Education, 2003-2019

Gao

2023

Preprint

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“…This research from the United States shows, for instance, that educated mothers spend more time caring, comforting and playing with their children when they are infants and toddlers, more time in teaching activities (e.g., reading, helping with homework) when children are at school entry, and more time managing, organising and attending outof-home activities during middle childhood and adolescence (Kalil et al, 2012). Evidence for a developmental gradient in educated mothers' time use patterns have been found in Spain (Gracia, 2014) and Italy (Rebane, 2015).…”

Section: Time Spent With Childrenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parenthood: Disrupting the Intergenerational Transmission of Social Disadvantage

Burke

Dittman

2022

Family Dynamics Over the Life Course

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This chapter examines parenthood, arguably one of the most significant life course transitions in an individual’s life with consequences not just for the adults involved, but also children whose developmental outcomes are strongly influenced by parenting styles, practices and resources. We examine how parenting practices are influenced by social disadvantage, including disadvantage at the individual, family and community levels, arguing that this influence is complex and multi-directional, with reciprocal associations among children, parents, family systems and the broader social and economic ecology. Parenting support programs are an important means of interrupting the intergenerational transmission of disadvantage, but these programs require rigorous evaluation to ensure optimal use of resources and outcomes for children. We conclude by drawing attention to the need for programs that support parenting across all stages of the life course, including during emerging adulthood and grandparenthood.

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“…In addition, even lower R 2 values for regression models, ranging from 0.2% to 2.9%, were published by Baxter (2011), Eriksson andOrtega (2011), andMacDonald (2016). Many other research studies on time use published R 2 values of their regression models lower than 10% (Cha, 2021;Gimenez-Nadal, 2010;Khitarishvili & Kim, 2015;Mangiavacchi & Rapallini, 2014;Michelson, 2014;Rebane, 2015). A reason for this could be seen in the fact that people and their responses may not be as predictable and consistent as technical, engineering or computational data.…”

Section: Discussion Of Regression Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Modified Approach of Valuing Unpaid Household Work in the UK Considering Multitasking and Adjusting for Quality and Productivity.

Schröder¹

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While unpaid work activities contribute significantly to a country’s economy, a large amount of those activities is not included in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), but various approaches can be applied to estimate this contribution, and assign a monetary value to them. However, the currently dominating approach used for the valuation of labour (VoL) does have some known weaknesses that lower the accuracy of calculations. The aim of this research is to modify that approach by taking consideration of simultaneous activities, quality and productivity. This is hoped to increase the accuracy of the valuation. Further, gender differences are considered and the impact of selected demographics on quality is investigated. Based on the findings, recommendations to policy makers and practitioners are given to support the development of a harmonised approach. In line with a review of the literature, a quantitative research design was applied for the modifications. The original contribution to knowledge of this study is the implementation of up to three adjustments to the dominating VoL approach. One adjusts the time to account for multitasking, the other two adjust the specialist wage rates for quality and productivity. This is the first time three adjustments were implemented in a single approach. This study relied on secondary data from the UK Time Use Survey and the Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, and used an online questionnaire to collect primary data for adjustments, gender effects, and a regression analysis on demographics. The VoL was calculated for various adjustments and the magnitude of the modifications was compared to the dominating approach using a housekeeper and unadjusted specialist wage rates. The regression investigated whether selected demographics affect the quality of unpaid household work. The findings suggest that the commonly applied housekeeper wage rate may not act as a lower boundary for the VoL. The results also showed that wage adjustments on quality and productivity vary by gender and the activity performed. Contrary to previous recommendations, an equal split of multitasking activities (1/n) could not be confirmed, because splits differed up to 9%. Further, estimated adjustments levels were different to the often arbitrary recommendations in literature. This was also the case when all three adjustments were considered together. For the total UK economy, the implementation of adjustments would improve the VoL by up to 5.29% of the UK’s annual GDP, depending on the chosen modification. Unexpected was the finding that women reported a higher productivity level than men. The presence of children, gender, marital status, education and personal level of health were found to be relevant demographics to impact on the quality of unpaid household work. The major implications this study hopes to make are to increase the accuracy of the VoL and support the development of a harmonised approach for the VoL.

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Double advantage or disadvantage? – Parental education and children's developmental stages in Italy

Abstract: Thanks for participants of session as well as for Taru Lindblom and for reviewer of eIJTUR for useful comments.

Cited by 7 publications

References 120 publications

Trends in Developmental Gradient in Mothers’ Childcare Time by Maternal Education, 2003-2019

Trends in Developmental Gradient in Mothers’ Childcare Time by Maternal Education, 2003-2019

Parenthood: Disrupting the Intergenerational Transmission of Social Disadvantage

A Modified Approach of Valuing Unpaid Household Work in the UK Considering Multitasking and Adjusting for Quality and Productivity.

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