Double differential cross sections for neutron emission induced by 256 MeV and 800 MeV protons

Stamer, S.; Scobel, W.; Amian, W.; Byrd, R.C.; Haight, R. C.; Ullmann, J. L.; Bauer, R.; Blann, M.; Pohl, B.A.; Bisplinghoff, J.; Bonetti, R.

doi:10.1103/physrevc.47.1647

Cited by 38 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Such spectrometers handle the conditions of "good" geometry and allow high resolution mea surements over a very wide range of energies from a few hundred keV up to a few GeV. The time of flight spectrometers at LANL [19,20], JINR [21,22], KEK [23], Saclay [24] and ITEP [25,26] are examples of such detectors. The drawbacks of this method are: (1) a strong neu tron energy dependence of the energy resolution which is impaired with energy, (2) the need for time tag to the neutron production event, (3) necessity of fulfilling the "good" geometry condition, and (4) obligatory long range distance, a path length, from the neutron source, which sharply decreases the solid angle of neutron detection, deteriorates the background condition and increases the measurement time.…”

Section: Methods Of High Energymentioning

confidence: 99%

High-energy neutron spectrometry

Yurevich

2012

Phys. Part. Nuclei

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We review progress made in the last quarter of a century in the field of neutron spectrometry over a wide energy range from ~1 MeV to a few tens of GeV. We consider spectrometers and detectors constructed in various laboratories for neutron measurements in numerous fundamental and applied studies. We discuss the results of works devoted to the development of experimental methods and the elaboration of new detec tors. We pursue some promising avenues of further investigations.

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Section: Methods Of High Energymentioning

confidence: 99%

High-energy neutron spectrometry

Yurevich

2012

Phys. Part. Nuclei

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“…The curve is obtained from the energy dependence of the optical model potential. The references for the data points are given in Table 1 ( Stamer et al, 1993). The values of V obtained by Richter et al (1992) given in Table 2 show a definite tendency to fall with increasing target atomic mass.…”

Section: Reactions Above 30 Me Vmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Subsequently, this analysis was extended to (p, n) reactions at 120 and 160 MeV, and the effective interaction strength was again found to decrease with increasing energy (see Table 1) (Scobel et al, 1990;Stamer et al, 1993). Further measurements of the double differential inelastic scattering to the continuum have been made by Cowley et al (1991) for 80 and 120 MeV protons on 9°Zr and by Richter et al (1992) from 100 to 200 MeV on 58Ni, l°°Mo and 197Au.…”

Section: Reactions Above 30 Me Vmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The value of the effective interaction strength at this energy is less than the values found at lower energies previously discussed, indicating that it decreases with increasing incident energy. Marcinkowski et al (1989) (n, n') 11.26 25 Demetriou et al (1993) (n, n') 14 33 Austin (1980) (N,N') 35 + 15 27.9 Holler et al (1985) (p,n) 26.7 27 Mordhorst et al (1986) (p, n) 25.6 25 Trabandt et al (1988Trabandt et al ( , 1989 (p, n) 80 20 ___ 1 Cowley et al (1991) (p,p') 80 23 + 1 Scobel et al (1990) (p, n) 120 16 + 1 160 12.5 __+ 1 Richter et al (1992Richter et al ( ,1994 (p,p') (See Table 2) Stamer et al (1993) (p, n) 256 8.5 + 1.5…”

Section: Reactions Above 30 Me Vmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Feshbach-Kerman-Koonin multistep direct reaction theory

Bonetti¹,

Koning²,

Akkermans³

et al. 1994

Physics Reports

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“…The test case is for 800 MeV protons on lead, with one reliable (p,px) work [3] and six (p,nx) examples [4][5][6][7][8][9]. Data at similar angles are compared in figure 1, from x B = 1 (for free p-p scattering) to x B = 5.5, corresponding to an energy loss ω = 50 MeV at 30 • .…”

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confidence: 99%

Unification of intermediate energy hadron spectra with small energy losses

Peterson

2007

Nd2007

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Abstract. Proton beams near 1 GeV may serve as prolific generators of secondary neutrons, with some neutron energies near the beam energy. These very energetic secondary neutrons in turn may generate further reactions in thick samples. Direct measurement of the cross sections for GeV-scale neutrons is difficult, leading to uncertainties in flux calculations for many proposed applications. The present work uses a simple kinematic reaction model to form a scaling response suited to compare (p,nx) spectra for a wide range of beam energies, angles and target nuclei, to enable comparisons, interpolations and perhaps extrapolations of these difficult data. If the approximations of the method below are valid, one could also relate (p,nx) and easier (p,px) measurements.The goal of this work is to compare a wide range of (p,px) and (p,nx) spectra with small energy losses for intermediate energy proton beams by way of scaling relations found to be successful for the simple (e,ex) reaction. This method must assume incoherent, quasifree factorization of the nuclear response and simple scattering of the proton from a single bound nucleon. Free (off-shell) singly differential cross sections are used for the reaction, and the response is taken to be proportional to the number of nucleons seen once and only once by the projectile, as calculated in the eikonal Glauber manner. This computation uses in-medium total cross sections for protonnucleon scattering.For low energy losses, the most useful scaling is that due to Bjorken, with the kinematic variable x B = (q 2 − ω 2 )/2Mω, with q the lab frame 3-momentum transfer from the projectile, ω the lab frame energy loss of the projectile and M the free nucleon mass [1]. Free proton-neutron charge exchange would occur at x B = 1, and the variable x B can be understood as the fraction of the total nuclear momentum found in that one single struck nucleon. Important corrections for charge and binding energy are used, as presented for the (p,px) spectra in [2]. The Bjorken response is thenusing measured doubly-differential cross sections. All published (p,nx) spectra to be found, from 345 to 1600 MeV, have been transformed in this fashion into responses F B . If these are the same for combinations of beam energy, scattering angle and nuclear target, several forms of scaling will have been identified. Once shown to be valid, one can use these relations to interpolate, extrapolate or evaluate the cases of interest. Since the determination of the cross sections for high energy neutrons is most difficult, these are the cases presented here, at large values of x B . Production of such high energy neutrons can lead to secondary or cascade reactions in thick samples, making these scaling relations an important tool for many applications of accelerator-produced neutrons.

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Double differential cross sections for neutron emission induced by 256 MeV and 800 MeV protons

Cited by 38 publications

References 47 publications

High-energy neutron spectrometry

High-energy neutron spectrometry

The Feshbach-Kerman-Koonin multistep direct reaction theory

Unification of intermediate energy hadron spectra with small energy losses

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