Double‐hydrophilic polyether antiscalant used as a crystal growth modifier of calcium scales in cooling‐water systems

Abstract

In this study, we synthesized a novel double-hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based crystal growth modifier polyethylene glycol double-ester of maleic anhydride/acrylic acid named PEGDMA/AA, whose structure was still linear but also had some differences from a traditional chelating linear polymer, in which the PEG segment was incorporated. The scale inhibition behavior of PEGDMA/AA was evaluated by means of a static scale inhibition method. As the polymerization degree of PEG n DMA was 8 (n 5 8), the maximum inhibitory toward calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) and calcium sulfate (CaSO 4 ) were 89.0 and 98.8% at dosage levels of 12 and 3 mg/L, respectively. Comparisons with other inhibitors were also carried out. Characterization of the CaCO 3 and CaSO 4 scales with scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy proved that great changes in the size and morphology of the calcium scales took place under the influence of PEG 8 DMA/AA. X-ray diffraction and diffraction patterns further confirmed the impact of PEG 8 DMA/AA as a crystal growth modifier. The three supposed mechanisms, (1) chelating solubilization, (2) multilayer type of adsorption, and (3) electrostatic repulsion function, are also described in detail. V C 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2014, 131, 39792.

Evaluation of β-cyclodextrin–polyethylene glycol as green scale inhibitors for produced-water in shale gas well

“…Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is an innoxious [21][22][23], neutral and nonionic surface active agent with the hydrophilic groups (-OH and -O-) and hydrophobic group (-CH 2 -CH 2 -) [24]. The effects of PEG on the nucleation and crystal growth of CaCO 3 have attracted scientists interested in scale inhibitor research [25,26]. However, single composition of β-CD or PEG used as a scale inhibitor barely achieves the desired anti-scaling effect.…”

Synthesis and evaluation of an environment‐friendly terpolymer CaCO3scale inhibitor for oilfield produced water with better salt and temperature resistance

“…The stretching vibration peak of C S in the sulfonic acid group is 621 cm −1 , the symmetrical stretching vibration absorption peak of S O is 1170 cm −1 , and the stretching vibration absorption peak of the amide II band (including N H) is 1573 cm −1 . 10,26,34 It indicates that the optimal concentration of P(MA-AA-AMPS) is 20 mg L −1 , and the scale inhibition efficiency is significantly improved compared with the commercial P(AA) and P(MA-co-AA). 32 Table I shows the molecular weight and its distribution of P(MA-AA-AMPS) synthesized under different monomer ratios, which were tested by gel permeation chromatography.…”

“…27,31 In addition, the molecular-weight distribution index indicated that the molecular-weight distribution of the scale inhibitor synthesized in this work was relatively uniform. 6,34 However, the carboxylic acid group alone is not conducive to improving the scale inhibition efficiency. At the dosage of 2-14 mg L −1 , the scale inhibition effect increases rapidly with the increase in the concentration.…”

“…As shown in Figure 6, when other conditions are equal, the concentration of Ca 2+ in the solution is changed to study the resistant of scale inhibitor to Ca 2+ (specific data are shown in the Supporting Information Tables S84-S91). 33,34,36 The pH of the solution with high concentration of HCO 3 − is higher, 6,10 thus inhibiting the efficiency of P(MA-AA-AMPS). When the Ca 2 + concentration is 1200 mg L −1 , the scale inhibitor's efficiency can still reach 82.65%, and even when the Ca 2+ concentration reaches 1920 mg L −1 , it still has a scale inhibition efficiency of 61.78%.…”

“…Many literature show that most of the high-efficient polymer scale inhibitors contain two or more functional groups, but it is Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this article. 33,34 Nowadays, it is urgent to develop new scale inhibitors with temperature and salt resistant as well as good efficiency in the petroleum industry. 4,26,27 The use of these scale inhibitors is also limited by the concentration of Ca 2+ and temperature.…”