Double Negative (DN) B cells: A connecting bridge between rheumatic diseases and COVID-19?

Sachinidis, Athanasios; Garyfallos, Alexandros

doi:10.31138/mjr.32.3.192

Cited by 18 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 70 publications

(158 reference statements)

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“…These reports suggest pathological implications of a range of autoantibodies in COVID-19 patients both at acute and post-infection manifestations. The mechanisms that give rise to autoantibodies during COVID-19 could be similar to the ones in malaria and SLE patients ( 61 ). Various studies have reported the expansion of ABCs and atypical B cells ( 20 , 62 ), a phenomenon that could be explained by the enhanced EF route of B cells reported in COVID-19 patients ( 63 ).…”

Section: Lessons From Malaria Applied To Covid-19 and Other Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Autoantibodies during infectious diseases: Lessons from malaria applied to COVID-19 and other infections

Rivera-Correa

Rodrı́guez

2022

Front. Immunol.

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Autoimmunity is a common phenomenon reported in many globally relevant infections, including malaria and COVID-19. These and other highly inflammatory diseases have been associated with the presence of autoantibodies. The role that these autoantibodies play during infection has been an emerging topic of interest. The vast numbers of studies reporting a range of autoantibodies targeting cellular antigens, such as dsDNA and lipids, but also immune molecules, such as cytokines, during malaria, COVID-19 and other infections, underscore the importance that autoimmunity can play during infection. During both malaria and COVID-19, the presence of autoantibodies has been correlated with associated pathologies such as malarial anemia and severe COVID-19. Additionally, high levels of Atypical/Autoimmune B cells (ABCs and atypical B cells) have been observed in both diseases. The growing literature of autoimmune B cells, age-associated B cells and atypical B cells in Systemic Lupus erythematosus (SLE) and other autoimmune disorders has identified recent mechanistic and cellular targets that could explain the development of autoantibodies during infection. These new findings establish a link between immune responses during infection and autoimmune disorders, highlighting shared mechanistic insights. In this review, we focus on the recent evidence of autoantibody generation during malaria and other infectious diseases and their potential pathological role, exploring possible mechanisms that may explain the development of autoimmunity during infections.

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Section: Lessons From Malaria Applied To Covid-19 and Other Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Autoantibodies during infectious diseases: Lessons from malaria applied to COVID-19 and other infections

Rivera-Correa

Rodrı́guez

2022

Front. Immunol.

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“…Interestingly, this raises the possibility that there are distinct T cell-independent and T cell-dependent pathways in B cells during COVID-19 disease, which is now suggested in other concurrent studies. IgE, therefore, can be produced by DN4 B cells, but serology from COVID-19 patients was not considered to be statistically relevant to this cellular subset [ 118 , 129 , 168 , 169 ]. IgE is known to cause mast cell degranulation through a higher affinity FcεRI receptor, and assay sensitivities require validation and development for this antibody normally seen in allergic responses with the IgG response predominant during infection.…”

Section: Innate Immune Systems and Sars-cov-2 Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Innate and Adaptive Immunity during SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Biomolecular Cellular Markers and Mechanisms

Brown¹,

Ojha²,

Fricke³

et al. 2023

Vaccines

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The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was caused by a positive sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, other human coronaviruses (hCoVs) exist. Historical pandemics include smallpox and influenza, with efficacious therapeutics utilized to reduce overall disease burden through effectively targeting a competent host immune system response. The immune system is composed of primary/secondary lymphoid structures with initially eight types of immune cell types, and many other subtypes, traversing cell membranes utilizing cell signaling cascades that contribute towards clearance of pathogenic proteins. Other proteins discussed include cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complexes (MHC), pleiotropic interleukins (IL), and chemokines (CXC). The historical concepts of host immunity are the innate and adaptive immune systems. The adaptive immune system is represented by T cells, B cells, and antibodies. The innate immune system is represented by macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, and the complement system. Other viruses can affect and regulate cell cycle progression for example, in cancers that include human papillomavirus (HPV: cervical carcinoma), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV: lymphoma), Hepatitis B and C (HB/HC: hepatocellular carcinoma) and human T cell Leukemia Virus-1 (T cell leukemia). Bacterial infections also increase the risk of developing cancer (e.g., Helicobacter pylori). Viral and bacterial factors can cause both morbidity and mortality alongside being transmitted within clinical and community settings through affecting a host immune response. Therefore, it is appropriate to contextualize advances in single cell sequencing in conjunction with other laboratory techniques allowing insights into immune cell characterization. These developments offer improved clarity and understanding that overlap with autoimmune conditions that could be affected by innate B cells (B1+ or marginal zone cells) or adaptive T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and other pathologies. Thus, this review starts with an introduction into host respiratory infection before examining invaluable cellular messenger proteins and then individual immune cell markers.

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“…Recently, these tools have become available in many centers worldwide due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which required these centers to provide dynamic protocols for RNA detection and/or sequencing [2]. These resources could be used to further significant progress in areas such as inflammatory rheumatic diseases [3]. In the few pages ahead, we highlight the possible application of these technologies in the rheumatology setting using potential RNA-based biomarkers with special emphasis on RA.…”

Section: Novel Gene Expression Analysis Technologies For Biomarkers D...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-Coding RNAs in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Implications for Biomarker Discovery

Castañeda-Delgado

Macías-Segura

Ramos-Remus

2022

ncRNA

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Recent advances in gene expression analysis techniques and increased access to technologies such as microarrays, qPCR arrays, and next-generation sequencing, in the last decade, have led to increased awareness of the complexity of the inflammatory responses that lead to pathology. This finding is also the case for rheumatic diseases, importantly and specifically, rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The coincidence in major genetic and epigenetic regulatory events leading to RA’s inflammatory state is now well-recognized. Research groups have characterized the gene expression profile of early RA patients and identified a group of miRNAs that is particularly abundant in the early stages of the disease and miRNAs associated with treatment responses. In this perspective, we summarize the current state of RNA-based biomarker discovery and the context of technology adoption/implementation due to the COVID-19 pandemic. These advances have great potential for clinical application and could provide preclinical disease detection, follow-up, treatment targets, and biomarkers for treatment response monitoring.

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Double Negative (DN) B cells: A connecting bridge between rheumatic diseases and COVID-19?

Cited by 18 publications

References 70 publications

Autoantibodies during infectious diseases: Lessons from malaria applied to COVID-19 and other infections

Autoantibodies during infectious diseases: Lessons from malaria applied to COVID-19 and other infections

Innate and Adaptive Immunity during SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Biomolecular Cellular Markers and Mechanisms

Non-Coding RNAs in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Implications for Biomarker Discovery

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