Double‐Shelled Porous g‐C₃N₄ Nanotubes Modified with Amorphous Cu‐Doped FeOOH Nanoclusters as 0D/3D Non‐Homogeneous Photo‐Fenton Catalysts for Effective Removal of Organic Dyes

Abstract

Graphite phased carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) has attracted extensive attention attributed to its non‐toxic nature, remarkable physical–chemical stability, and visible light response properties. Nevertheless, the pristine g‐C3N4 suffers from the rapid photogenerated carrier recombination and unfavorable specific surface area, which greatly limit its catalytic performance. Herein, 0D/3D Cu‐FeOOH/TCN composites are constructed as photo‐Fenton catalysts by assembling amorphous Cu‐FeOOH clusters on 3D double‐shelled porous tubular g‐C3N4 (TCN) fabricated through one‐step calcination. Combined density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the synergistic effect between Cu and Fe species could facilitate the adsorption and activation of H2O2, and the separation and transfer of photogenerated charges effectively. Thus, Cu‐FeOOH/TCN composites acquire a high removal efficiency of 97.8%, the mineralization rate of 85.5% and a first‐order rate constant k = 0.0507 min−1 for methyl orange (MO) (40 mg L−1) in photo‐Fenton reaction system, which is nearly 10 times and 21 times higher than those of FeOOH/TCN (k = 0.0047 min−1) and TCN (k = 0.0024 min−1), respectively, indicating its universal applicability and desirable cyclic stability. Overall, this work furnishes a novel strategy for developing heterogeneous photo‐Fenton catalysts based on g‐C3N4 nanotubes for practical wastewater treatment.

Coupled adsorption and photocatalysis: A green synthesized g‐C3N4@Mn–FeOOH@molecularly imprinted photocatalysis system for targeted removal of various heterocyclic amines

“…CN is obtained by simple thermal polymerization of nontoxic bi‐precursors, exhibiting a well‐defined lamellar and porous structure. Subsequently, a certain percentage of metal chloride is added to construct CN@Mn–FeOOH heterojunctions with higher photochemical activity (Tang et al., 2023b). It can be clearly seen in Figure 2b that the CN surface is grown with small bumps, and the originally clear lamellar structure could not be observed.…”

“…Large quantities of -OH and -NH 2 are present in the dopamine structure, which can oxidatively self-polymerize to create PDA in a weakly alkaline environment (Bhogal et al, 2022;Liu et al, 2020). In order to effectively remove sulfamethoxazole (SMX) from water, Sun et al used molecularly imprinted polydopamine (MI-PDA) to specifically adsorb SMX and in situ activate peroxydisulfate to create singlet oxygen (Tang et al, 2023a). With faster mass transfer and smaller barriers to light absorption depending on the specificity, this surface molecular imprinting technology permits rapid bonding between the target molecule and the nanomaterial matrix (Yang et al, 2018).…”

3D flower-like CuO@NiAl-LDH microspheres with enhanced removal affinity to organic dyes: mechanistic insights, DFT calculations and toxicity assessment

“…53,54 A possible mechanism for the activation of H 2 O 2 degradation of MB by CuO@LDH-5 is proposed and shown in the following eqn (1)- (10). 11,15,16,55 The heterogeneous Fenton reaction catalyzed by CuO@LDH-5 takes place via the reaction of the surface active sites. In particular, Cu + and Ni 2+ catalyze the decomposition of H 2 O 2 to produce cOH, which is then regenerated by Cu + and Ni 2+ through a reduction reaction with H 2 O 2 , as exhibited in eqn ( 1)- (7).…”

Mn-doped FeOOH modified g-C3N4 as a 3D tubular heterogeneous catalyst for photo-Fenton removal of organic pollutants

“…It has the advantages of a short electron conveying path, efficient light absorption and scattering. 38 On the other hand, the 3D tubular porous structure can confine the reactive substances to a specific nanoscale by supporting the nanoscale 0D FeOOH quantum dots. This effectively solves the problem that 0D quantum dots are prone to agglomeration and have a large particle size.…”