Doubling of crop yield through permutation of metabolic pathways

Abstract

Hunger and food insecurity can be minimized by doubling crop yield without increasing cultivated land area and fertilizer applied. Since plant breeding has not genetically doubled photosynthesis per unit leaf area, an approach for doubling crop yield would be through a biotechnology that reprograms metabolic pathways in favor of photosynthesis. The anchor of this biotechnology is glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) including the RNAs it synthesizes. Peanut was treated with stoichiometric combinations of mineral salt solutions to synchronize the GDH subunit polypeptides. Matured seeds were analyzed for fats by HPLC; the RNA biosynthetic activity of GDH, and mRNAs encoding yield-specific enzymes by Northern hybridization. In the PK-treated peanut, the GDH-synthesized RNAs silenced the mRNAs encoding granule-bound starch synthase, phosphoglucomutase (glycolysis), glucosyltransferase (cellulose biosynthesis), and nitrate reductase leaving unaffected the mRNAs encoding acetylcoenzyme A carboxylase (fatty acid biosynthesis), phosphate translocator, and NADH-glutamate synthase resulting to double seed (4342 kg/ha), cellulose (1829 kg/ha), and fat (1381 kg/ha) yields compared with the controls. Down-regulation of phosphate translocator and acetylcoenzyme A carboxylase caused decreased pod yields. GDH-synthesized RNAs that were homologous to yield-specific mRNAs shared extensive plus/plus and plus/minus sequence similarities, and they reprogrammed metabolism by permuting the partially down-regulated, not down-regulated, and down-regulated yield-specific pathways. Control peanut produced 70, NPKS-treated produced 420, NS-treated produced 1680, and PK-treated produced 280 probable rearrangements of the pathways. Therefore, down-regulation of metabolic reactions followed by permutation of yield-related pathways, and redistribution of metabolite load to molecularly connected pathways controls crop yield. Operating as efficient bioreactor, peanut can be maximized to 10000 kg pod/ha, more than enough vegetable oil for nine billion people

Responses of bioenergy sorghum cell wall metabolism to agronomic practices

“…Cell wall-bound peroxidase isoenzymes: The active isoenzymes of sorghum peroxidase were separated from the inactive ones by Rotofor (free solution) isoelectric focusing (IEF) technology that has been very successful in fractionating the complex 28 isoenzymes of glutamate dehydrogenase [22]. Rotofor IEF separated the isoenzyme population into 9 -15 charge isomers similar to other peroxidases [23].…”

Horticultural Production of Ultra High Resveratrol Peanut

“…RNAs have been applied to explain some hitherto inexplicable biological phenomena including metabolic detoxification of xenobiotics in plants [40], regulation of fatty acid contents by mRNA encoding lipoxygenase [41]; the regulation of cellulosic biomass and fatty acid accumulation by mRNAs encoding acetyl CoA carboxylase, nitrate reductase, phosphate translocator [35]. Most of the research on peanut had focused on genetic and plant breeding scientific logics.…”

“…The method in plant biochemistry adopted hereunder was different being based on horticultural regulation of plant metabolism [35]. The aim was to identify target step(s) in intermediary carbon-nitrogen metabolism that regulate resveratrol accumulation.…”

Regulated Lignin Structural Units and Soil Organic Carbon Content by Cowpea Peroxidase

“…There was replanting to make up for ungerminated seeds. The applied mineral salt compositions were based on the model molar combinations (Osuji et al, 2011(Osuji et al, , 2003 that activate the plant's metabolism. The first box was left as the untreated control; the second box (NPKS) was treated with 1L of combined NH 4 Cl (25 mM), Na 3 PO 4 (20 mM), Na 2 SO 4 (50 mM), and KCl (4 mM) solution; the third box (KKPP) was treated with 1L of combined KCl (8 mM), and Na 3 PO 4 (40 mM) solution; the fourth box (KS) was treated with 1 L of combined and KCl (4 mM), and Na 2 SO 4 (50 mM) solution; the fifth box (Sulfate) was treated with 1 L of Na 2 SO 4 (50 mM) solution; the sixth box (KK) was treated with 1 L of KCl (8 mM) solution; the seventh box (PPN) was treated with 1 L combined Na 3 PO 4 (40 mM) and NH 4 Cl (25 mM) solution; the eighth box (KKK) was treated with 1 L KCl (12 mM) solution; the ninth box (KKS) was treated with 1 L combined KCl (8 mM) and Na 2 SO 4 (50 mM) solution; the tenth box (KKN) was treated with 1 L combined KCl (8 mM) and NH 4 Cl (25 mM) solution; and the eleventh box (KN) was treated with 1 L combined KCl (4 mM) and NH 4 Cl (25 mM) solution.…”

“…This is in agreement with the pH buffering function of soil organic matter. An advantage of stoichiometric mixes of mineral nutrients is that in addition to being mineral nutrients, they also act as electromagnets as they reprogram the metabolic pathways according to the prevailing pH gradient (Osuji et al, 2011) thereby coordinating biological mechanisms for increased crop performance and yield, peroxidase being a target site of the action of the stoichiometric mineral nutrients. Because stoichiometric mixes of mineral nutrients are soluble, they exert their combined signal integration-discrimination effects on plant metabolism synchronously.…”