Down-regulation of LPS-induced nitric oxide synthesis of murine macrophages by oral administration of Sho-saiko-to

Journal of Food Biochemistry

et al. 2013

Black raspberry seed extract and its tannin fraction were characterized and their antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activities were compared to grape seed extract and its tannin fraction. Tannin fraction of black raspberry seed extract was mostly composed of ellagitannins including pedunculagin, sanguiin H6 and H10 isomers and galloyl‐bis‐HHDP glucose isomer, while that of grape seed extract was composed of proanthocyanidins including proanthocyanidin dimers, trimers, tetramers, pentamers, their monogallates and hexamers. Antioxidant activities of the tannin fraction of black raspberry seed extract, measured by polyphenol content, FRAP, DPPH and ABTS assays, were significantly higher than those of grape seed extract. Anti‐inflammatory activity of the tannin fraction of black raspberry seed extract, measured by NO assay, was also significantly higher than that of grape seed extract. The results indicate that black raspberry seeds have potential benefits as a source of natural antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory agents comparable to grape seeds. Practical Applications Black raspberry and grape fruits are widely consumed in various ways including wine, juice or raw fruits. Many byproducts, including seeds and wine pomace, are an attractive source of functional compounds. Our results show that the tannins extracted from the seeds have potential antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activities. Thus, these results may help increase utilization of byproducts to make dietary supplements. This may also reduce the waste products generated by the industry and provide additional profit to farmers and manufacturers.

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Tannin Fraction of the Extract from Black Raspberry Seeds Compared to Grape Seeds

Park

Cho

Journal of Food Biochemistry

et al. 2013

“…The nitrite scavenging activity of the AF from Rubus fruits, C3G and C3R was determined according to a method using Griess reagent system (Izumi et al 1997). First, 50 μL of each sample was mixed with 50 μL 100 μM sodium nitrite.…”

Section: Nitrite Scavenging Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-Inflammatory Activities of R ubus Fruit Anthocyanins in Inflamed Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells

Journal of Food Biochemistry

Lee

Cho

et al. 2015

The purpose of this study was to investigate anti‐inflammatory activities of anthocyanin fractions (AF) from blackberries (BB), Korean raspberries (KR) and black raspberries (BR) and their major anthocyanins (cyanidin‐3‐glucoside [C3G] and cyanidin‐3‐rutinoside [C3R]) in inflamed intestinal epithelial Caco‐2 cells. Nitrite scavenging activity of C3G was significantly higher than that of C3R and the AF measured by a chemical method. All the AF and individual anthocyanins significantly inhibit nitric oxide (NO) secretion, inducible NO synthase expression and nuclear factor‐κB activation in the Caco‐2 cells exposed to conditioned medium (CM) from lipopolysaccharide‐stimulated RAW264.7 cells. In the CM‐stimulated Caco‐2 cells, C3G, BBAF and KRAF inhibited NO production significantly more than C3R and BRAF, and C3G and BBAF expressed nuclear factor E2‐related factor 2 significantly more than the control. The individual anthocyanins also significantly downregulated intercellular adhesion molecule 1 in Caco‐2 cell lines. The results suggest that anthocyanins in Rubus fruits, particularly C3G, may promote anti‐inflammation in intestinal epithelial cells. Practical Applications Rubus fruits are widely consumed in various ways including wine and raw fruits. These Rubus fruits have various physiological properties such as antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activities because of their substantial quantities of phenolic compounds, constituted mainly by anthocyanins. Our results show that Rubus fruits may have potential health benefit in inflamed intestinal epithelial cells, which may be attributed to their major anthocyanins.

Antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities of cyanidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin-3-rutinoside in hydrogen peroxide and lipopolysaccharide-treated RAW264.7 cells

Kwak

Hwang

2014

Food Sci Biotechnol

Cyanidin‐3‐glucoside (C3G) and cyanidin‐3‐rutinoside (C3R) are two major anthocyanins found in blackberry and black raspberry. Antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory effects of C3G and C3R in RAW264.7 murine macrophage cells were determined. The tested anthocyanins (10 and 20 µg/mL) significantly reduced H2O2‐induced cytotoxicity. Following 4 h incubation with C3G or C3R, intracellular reactive oxygen species and DNA damage measured by Hoechst and comet assay significantly decreased in H2O2‐stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Cellular ferric reducing antioxidant power also significantly increased with C3G and C3R treatment. Nitric oxide produced in LPS‐stimulated RAW264.7 cells treated with C3G and C3R was reduced by 39.7 and 34.0%, respectively. LPS‐induced prostaglandin E2 productions were also significantly inhibited by C3G (52.6%) and C3R (59.5%). Protein expressions of iNOS and COX‐2 decreased in the cells treated with the anthocyanins. Further, the tested anthocyanins down‐regulated NF‐κB expression, and up‐regulated I‐κB expression in the LPS‐treated macrophages. Overall results indicate that C3G and C3R, potent antioxidants, may suppress inflammatory response via inhibition of NO and PGE2 releases and modulation of gene expression.