Abstract.We investigated the effect of membrane toxin 12 (MT-12), isolated from Naja naja atra, a species of Chinese Cobra, on the proliferation and invasion of human bladder cancer EJ cells and studied its mechanisms using MTT assay, Transwell chamber invasion assay, scanning electron microscopy and flow cytometry. The results indicated that MT-12 inhibited the proliferation of bladder cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) after 72 h was 0.66 µg/ml. The invasion of cells decreased with increasing doses of MT-12 (0.125-0.5 µg/ml, P<0.001). Expression of CXCR4 decreased with the effect of MT-12 for a particular concentration range (0.125-0.5 µg/ml). To conclude, MT-12 is capable of inhibiting the proliferation and invasion of bladder cancer EJ cells. This mechanism may be associated with reduced expression of CXCR4 protein.
IntroductionInvasion and metastasis are distinct features of malignant tumors, and metastasis is the main reason for failure of cancer treatment. Invasion and metastasis are affected by numerous factors, including the induction of angiogenesis, stroma adhesion, protein hydrolysis and movement, among others (1). Urinary bladder cancer is one of the most common types of cancer, and postoperative chemotherapy remains the most important auxiliary treatment method. However, the effectiveness of chemotherapy is reduced due to the toxic side effects. Studies in vivo and in vitro have shown that membrane toxin (MT) is capable of killing a variety of tumor cells (2,3). Its anti-tumor mechanism is not yet completely understood, yet recent studies have shown that the destruction of the cell membrane structure and interference with DNA synthesis may be involved. Research also suggest that MT may be able to induce tumor cell apoptosis (4). Research of the effects of MT on liver, lung, breast, melanoma and colorectal cancer is common (2,3,5). However, there are few studies that have been carried out on bladder cancer. This experimental study of the effects of purified membrane toxin 12 (MT-12) on the human bladder cancer EJ cell line is reported as follows. Study apparatus and reagents were obtained as follows: FACSCalibur flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson Co., USA); a 5% CO 2 incubator and centrifuge volume fraction (ThermoFisher Scientific, Germany); a Bio-Rad 450 microplate reader, an electronic balance (Test Instrument Changshu Double Jay); and an S-3000N scanning electron microscope; a volume fraction of 2.5% glutaraldehyde; mouse anti-human CXCR4 fluorescent antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., CA, USA); CXCR4 goat anti-mouse monoclonal antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.); RPMI-1640 (Gibco, Invitrogen, Paisley, UK).
Materials and methods
MaterialsCell culture. The improved MTT method was used to study the effect of MT-12 on the proliferation of EJ cells as previously described (6). After the EJ cells reached the logarithmic growth phase, the cell concentration was adjusted to 5x10 4 /ml and the cells were added into a 96-well plate, 90 µl...