Search citation statements
Paper Sections
Citation Types
Year Published
Publication Types
Relationship
Authors
Journals
Electromagnetic Devices (EMDs) have been used for scale management in the field. The proposed mechanism for their function is that the device imparts an electromagnetic pulse that provides sufficient energy to cause homogeneous nucleation, resulting in the formation of very small particles (5-8 microns) which pass through the production system, preventing heterogeneous nucleation and deposition. This paper summarises an experimental programme to examine the proposed mechanism of operation of the EMD under controlled laboratory conditions. Flow experiments were performed under ambient conditions using a mixed North Sea Seawater (NSSW) / Nelson Forties Formation Water (NFFW) scaling system. Experiments were performed with the EMD active and compared to baseline experiments where the EMD was inactive, to assess if the device impacted the scaling process. A full quantitative assessment for each experiment was performed including; assessment of the mass of scale deposited and its location, full effluent analysis by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP) and effluent sample filtration for solids content, morphology using Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy / Energy Dispersive X-ray (ESEM/EDX) analysis and particle size distribution (PSD). From the experiments performed, it was found that the device impacted the scale deposition process in comparison to when it was not activated. Results indicated that although a similar amount of scale is lost from solution, less deposit was collected in the test apparatus itself. The precipitate in the effluent samples (which had passed through the apparatus) was found to have a mean particle size in the region of 10 microns, with a significant proportion of the distribution of particles below 1 micron; this was confirmed by ESEM/EDX and PSD. A further particle distribution range was identified as less than 0.22 microns. This material (10-20% of that injected) passed through the 0.22 micron filter used to collect the solid, but was accounted for when the experimental procedure was adapted. The results from this study indicate that under the conditions used, the EMD has an impact on the scaling process resulting in homogeneous nucleation of smaller scale particles that are transported through the apparatus. This supports the mechanism reported previously and provides a greater understanding to how such devices work in the field.
Electromagnetic Devices (EMDs) have been used for scale management in the field. The proposed mechanism for their function is that the device imparts an electromagnetic pulse that provides sufficient energy to cause homogeneous nucleation, resulting in the formation of very small particles (5-8 microns) which pass through the production system, preventing heterogeneous nucleation and deposition. This paper summarises an experimental programme to examine the proposed mechanism of operation of the EMD under controlled laboratory conditions. Flow experiments were performed under ambient conditions using a mixed North Sea Seawater (NSSW) / Nelson Forties Formation Water (NFFW) scaling system. Experiments were performed with the EMD active and compared to baseline experiments where the EMD was inactive, to assess if the device impacted the scaling process. A full quantitative assessment for each experiment was performed including; assessment of the mass of scale deposited and its location, full effluent analysis by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP) and effluent sample filtration for solids content, morphology using Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy / Energy Dispersive X-ray (ESEM/EDX) analysis and particle size distribution (PSD). From the experiments performed, it was found that the device impacted the scale deposition process in comparison to when it was not activated. Results indicated that although a similar amount of scale is lost from solution, less deposit was collected in the test apparatus itself. The precipitate in the effluent samples (which had passed through the apparatus) was found to have a mean particle size in the region of 10 microns, with a significant proportion of the distribution of particles below 1 micron; this was confirmed by ESEM/EDX and PSD. A further particle distribution range was identified as less than 0.22 microns. This material (10-20% of that injected) passed through the 0.22 micron filter used to collect the solid, but was accounted for when the experimental procedure was adapted. The results from this study indicate that under the conditions used, the EMD has an impact on the scaling process resulting in homogeneous nucleation of smaller scale particles that are transported through the apparatus. This supports the mechanism reported previously and provides a greater understanding to how such devices work in the field.
Since 2015, scale problems have appeared when gas production decreased below 30 Mm3/day and wells could not evacuate liquid and solids to the surface due to liquid loading. Scale depositions were found in casing and tubing at different depths close to Quintuco Formation perforations. During 2019, more than 30 wells were mechanically cleaned using slick line to remove scale every 30 days approximately. This paper describes the study of the origin of scale in gas wells producing from multiple formations and the chemical technology applied to solve this problem in the mature urban field Centenario (Neuquén - Argentina). Core and water analysis were performed to study the scale phenomenon at the productive formations and to determine the compatibility between fracturing and formation waters. In addition, it established the scale origin and served to detect further wells susceptible to suffer scaling problems. Scale is produced in the casing, not in the formation, due to changes of pressure and temperature related to the expansion of gas and changes in water mix compatibility at Quintuco perforations depth. Due to the field location, subsurface safety valves were installed in the tubing to prevent possible blowouts. Thus, capillary string for product injection was discarded. A proven chemical technology for oil wells-encapsulated scale inhibitors-was adapted to treat gas wells aiming for a treatment duration of three months. The method consisted of a mechanical clean-up followed by a batch treatment of encapsulated product with water and, finally, a slick line run to ensure it reached the bottom-hole. The chemical treatment pilot was carried out in 6 wells. Candidates were selected based on abnormal production decline, scales showed after slickline intervention, favorable response after mechanical clean-up, and high intervention frequency. The pilot held in 2019 showed an increase in gas rate production of 12 Mm3/day on average representing 40% of well production, high stability in gas production and a reduction of slickline intervention frequency. The duration of the treatment was initially estimated according to the liquid rate of the well and the product concentration used. During 2020 the pilot will be expanded to 32 wells in the field. Solid scale inhibitor for gas wells is relatively new in the industry and there is not much bibliography about application and results in this type of wells. This paper describes the methods used for scale characterization, the prediction of its formation in gas wells, the selection method for scale inhibitors, the product application technique to the wells and the results obtained in the pilot, demonstrating its technical and economic feasibility for field use.
Despite the recent wide embrace of mechanical descaling approaches for cleaning scales in petroleum production tubings and similar conduits with the use of high-pressure (HP) water jets, the process is still associated with downhole backpressure and well integrity challenges. While the introduction of sterling beads to replace sand particles in the water recorded high successes in maintaining well completion integrity after scale removal in some recent applications of this technique, it is, unfortunately, still not without questions of environmental degradation. Furthermore, the single nozzle, solids-free, aerated jetting descaling technique – recently published widely – is categorized with low scale surface area of contact, low descaling efficiency and subsequent high descaling rig time. The modifications to mechanical descaling techniques proposed in this work involve the use of three high-pressure flat fan nozzles of varying nozzles arrangements, standoff distances and injection pressures to remove soft scale deposits in oil and gas production tubings and similar circular conduits. This experiment provides further insights into the removal of paraffin scales of various shapes at different descaling conditions of injection pressures, stand-off distances and nozzle arrangements with the use of freshwater. The results obtained from this study also show consistency with findings from earlier works on the same subject.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
Copyright © 2025 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.