The transcription factor cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB1) has been shown to be involved in diverse biological pathways including the regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle progression, and metastasis. In this context, aberrant expression of CREB1 and the functional consequences are well investigated in a number of hematopoietic and solid tumors. However, CREB1 expression and underlying control mechanisms are only poorly analyzed in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The present study confirmed a deregulation of CREB1 protein in the clear cell type of RCC (ccRCC) and analysis of in-house ccRCC cell lines suggested a post-transcriptional control. The combination of miRNA enrichment assay, in silico analysis and molecular biological approaches revealed four novel CREB1-regulating miRNAs, namely miR-22-3p, miR-26a-5p, miR-27a-3p, and miR-221-3p. Categorizing RCC samples as CREB1 negative or positive, respectively, the expression of these miRNAs was found to be inversely correlated with CREB1 protein levels. Analyzing 453 consecutive RCC tumors by immunohistochemistry, weakly negative, but significant correlations of CREB1 with tumor stage and grade, vascular invasion (V1) and lymphovascular invasion (L1) were found. In this respect, ccRCC might differ from other solid tumors like esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma or glioma.Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a kidney cancer originating in the lining of proximal renal tubular epithelial cells and can be histologically subtyped into clear cell type (ccRCC, 75%), papillary (pRCC, 13-15%), chromophobe type (chRCC, 5%), and several rare subtypes 1,2 . Globally, RCC is listed as the sixth most frequently diagnosed form of cancer in men and the tenth in women, with highest rates described in North America and the Czech Republic 3,4 . Noteworthy, RCC incidence was shown to be increasing and frequently accompanied by several risk factors including smoking, hypertension, obesity, chronic analgesic use, and diabetes 5,6 . Early treatment options for RCC are quite limited and usually involve partial or complete resection of the affected kidney(s) 7 since this type of tumor is considerably resistant to chemotherapy and radiotherapy 8 . However, immunotherapy as well as biologic or targeted therapy has shown to be an efficient option for RCC treatment 9 . Thus, it is important to characterize molecular targets responsible for the formation and development of this disease. Probably best analyzed is the alteration of the tumor suppressive Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene that has a crucial value in the origin and development of ccRCC and can be found to be affected in up to 90% of all ccRCC cases 10 . Situated in a complex pathway, VHL is ultimately responsible for the regulation of the transcription factors hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha and 2 alpha (HIF1A, HIF2A) 11,12 . The deregulation of HIF1A and HIF2A results in the up-regulation of various growth factors like vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), platelet-derived growth factor beta