Downregulation of inflammatory cytokines by berberine attenuates Riemerella anatipestifer infection in ducks

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“…In conclusion, DIM treatment appears to suppress the development of riemerellosis by reducing the bacterial burden and the expression of inflammatory cytokines in tissues of R. anatipestifer-infected ducks, resulting in higher survival rates. Moreover, given the marked upregulation of inflammatory cytokine expression in both R. anatipestifer-stimulated splenic lymphocytes and R. anatipestifer-infected ducks in our previous studies [15,16,42,48], the results of the present study further suggest that inhibition of inflammatory cytokine expression could significantly reduce economic losses associated with R. anatipestifer infection in farmed ducks.…”

“…Consequently, recombinant duck IL-4 significantly downregulated the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in R. anatipestifer-stimulated and IL-4-treated duck splenic lymphocytes [48]. Moreover, the use of an anti-inflammatory agent such as berberine not only increased the survival rate and decreased the bacterial burden, it also downregulated the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in ducks infected with R. anatipestifer compared with R. anatipestifer-infected ducks not treated with berberine [42]. These findings suggest that inhibiting the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-17A, can reduce the severity of R. anatipestifer infection in ducks.…”

Anti-inflammatory activity of diindolylmethane alleviates Riemerella anatipestifer infection in ducks

“…Few studies demonstrated that suppression of proinflammatory cytokine expression alleviates R. anatipestifer infection [42,44,48]. Chickens infected with R. anatipestifer exhibited , and IL-1β (D) mRNA were normalized to that of β-actin and calibrated using the expression levels of unstimulated cultured splenic lymphocytes (NC).…”

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“…Gene expression was quantified using the comparative ΔΔCT method, with β-actin as a reference for normalization. The fold change in expression of each gene examined from R. anatipestifer-infected birds and in vitro-stimulated cells was calculated relative to the expression level in the same tissue or cells from uninfected or unstimulated samples, as previously described [15,42,49].…”

“…DIM supressed Th17 cell differentiation, resulting in downregulation of IL-17A expression levels [25]. Our previous studies demonstrated upregulated expression of inflammatory cytokines, including IL-17A, in R. anatipestifer-infected ducks [15,42,47]. Thus, the expression mRNA were normalized to that of β-actin and calibrated using the expression levels of unstimulated cultured splenic lymphocytes (NC).…”