Downscaling Daily Reference Evapotranspiration Using a Super-Resolution Convolutional Transposed Network

Abstract

The current work proposes a novel super-resolution convolutional transposed network (SRCTN) deep learning architecture for downscaling daily climatic variables. The algorithm was established based on a super-resolution convolutional neural network with transposed convolutions. This study designed synthetic experiments to downscale daily reference evapotranspiration (ET0) data, which are a key indicator for climate change, from low resolutions (2°, 1°, and 0.5°) to a fine resolution (0.25°). The entire time period was divided into two major parts, i.e., training–validation (80%) and test periods (20%), and the training–validation period was further divided into training (80%) and validation (20%) parts. In the comparison of the downscaling performance between the SRCTN and Q-M models, the root-mean-squared error (RMSE) values indicated the accuracy of the models. For the SRCTN model, the RMSE values were reported for different scaling ratios: 0.239 for a ratio of 8, 0.077 for a ratio of 4, and 0.015 for a ratio of 2. In contrast, the RMSE values for the Q-M method were 0.334, 0.208, and 0.109 for scaling ratios of 8, 4, and 2, respectively. Notably, the RMSE values in the SRCTN model were consistently lower than those in the Q-M method across all scaling ratios, suggesting that the SRCTN model exhibited better downscaling performance in this evaluation. The results exhibited that the SRCTN method could reproduce the spatiotemporal distributions and extremes for the testing period very well. The trained SRCTN model in one study area performed remarkably well in a different area via transfer learning without re-training or calibration, and it outperformed the classic downscaling approach. The good performance of the SRCTN algorithm can be primarily attributed to the incorporation of transposed convolutions, which can be partially seen as trainable upsampling operations. Therefore, the proposed SRCTN method is a promising candidate tool for downscaling daily ET0 and can potentially be employed to conduct downscaling operations for other variables.

Using Learning Focal Point Algorithm to Classify Emotional Intelligence

“…The reliance on OpenCV equips the system with sophisticated tools for navigating diverse environmental conditions and capturing nuanced facial expressions, establishing a robust basis for understanding and interpreting the student's emotional states. The precision achieved in this initial step enhances the overall accuracy and effectiveness of the subsequent emotion classification process [22], [23], [24], [25].…”