Downscaling summer rainfall in the UK from North Atlantic ocean temperatures

Abstract

Annual series of three stochastic rainfall model parameters -the seasonal wet day amount (or intensity), the conditional dry-day probability (or dry-spell persistence), and the conditional wet-day probability (or wet-spell persistence) -were examined using daily rainfall records for ten UK stations for the period 1901-1995. The purpose was first, to determine the extent to which these indices of summer (June-August) rainfall were correlated with empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) of summer North Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies: second, to evaluate the skill of EOFs of preceding winter (December-February) SSTs for summer rainfall forecasting and downscaling. Correlation analyses suggest that observed increases in summer dry-spell persistence since the 1970s coincided with positive SST anomalies in the North Atlantic. In contrast, wet-spell persistence and intensities were relatively weakly correlated with the same patterns, implying that the use of SSTs is justifiable for conditioning occurrence but not intensity parameters. Furthermore, the correlation strengths were greater for EOFs of SSTs than those reported for area-average SST anomalies, indicating that the pattern of SST anomalies conveys important information about seasonal rainfall anomalies across the UK. When EOFs of winter SSTs were used to forecast summer rainfall in Cambridge, the skill was once again greater for dry-spells than either wet-spells or intensities. However, even for dry-spells, the correlation with observationswhilst statistically significant -was still rather modest (r<0.4). Nonetheless, the results are comparable to previous investigations of summer rainfall across Europe, and suggest that forecasting skill (across the UK) originates from the predictability of the rainfall occurrence process.

Persistence of Hydrometeorological Droughts in the United Kingdom: A Regional Analysis of Multi-Season Rainfall and River Flow Anomalies

“…This mixture modelling approach enables capture of both low frequency variations in dry-or wetspell preponderance as well as seasonal variability in rainfall occurrence (e.g. Kiely et al, 1998;Wilby 2001b). We modelled drought duration independent of initial conditions or time of year whereas Vargas et al (2011) showed that spell length (albeit based on daily precipitation records) depends on occurrence start date.…”

A systematic assessment of drought termination in the United Kingdom

“…At national or continental scales, larger-scale drivers such as El Niño and La Niña events in the Pacific (e.g. Tomasella et al, 2011;Marengo and Espinoza, 2016), switches in Atlantic temperatures (Wilby, 2001;Folland et al, 2015), and tropical cyclones (e.g. Kam et al, 2013;Patterson et al, 2013) have been shown to be a factor in drought termination events.…”

Prediction of Spring Elbe Discharge Based on Stable Teleconnections with Winter Global Temperature and Precipitation

“…For example, spring and summer rainfall and temperature anomalies across Europe may be forecasted from prior knowledge of varying boundary conditions such as anomalous sea surface temperature in the North Atlantic (Colman, 1997;Colman and Davey, 1999;Wilby, 2001) and/or the tropical Pacific (Kiladis and Diaz, 1989;Lloyd-Hughes and Saunders, 2002;van Oldenborgh et al, 2000). Spring precipitation over central Europe is higher than normal average following warm El Niño events combined with lower SSTs west of Ireland (Lloyd-Hughes and Saunders, 2002).…”