“…The importance of downside risk for banks and insurance companies is reflected in the fact that regulatory capital requirements include calculations based on downside risk measures, usually value-at-risk measures. Evidence also suggests that mutual fund managers and their shareholders consider downside risk in their investment decisions (Bodnaruk, Chokaev, and Simonov, 2019;Artavanis, Eksi, and Kadlec, 2019). Finally, while standard mean-variance investors would be more focused on volatility than downside risks, key assumptions in this framework are violated in practice.…”