Doxepin and nordoxepin concentrations in body fluids and tissues in doxepin associated deaths

Gronewold, Antonia; Dettling, A.; Haffner, Hans T.; Skopp, Gisela

doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.05.015

Cited by 17 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Therefore liver should be also considered for analysis. Indeed, the liver has been ranked as the primary solid tissue for use in postmortem toxicology, and often the toxicological analysis in this tissue complements the blood toxicology data (Luckenbill et al , ; Gronewold et al , ). When performing PQ postmortem toxicological analysis it is also important to consider kidney in the routine forensic work.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantification of paraquat in postmortem samples by gas chromatography–ion trap mass spectrometry and review of the literature

Moreira

Pinho

Baltazar

et al. 2011

Biomedical Chromatography

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Paraquat (PQ) is an herbicide implicated in numerous fatalities, mainly caused by voluntary ingestion. Several methods have been used to quantify PQ in plasma and urine samples of intoxicated humans as a predictor of clinical outcome. There is no validated method for the analysis of PQ in postmortem samples. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop an analytical method, using gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry (GC-IT/MS) after solid-phase extraction, to quantify PQ in postmortem samples, namely in whole blood, urine, liver, lung and kidney, to cover the routes of distribution, accumulation and elimination of PQ. The method proved to be selective as there were no interferences of endogenous compounds with the same retention time as PQ and ethyl paraquat (internal standard). The regression analysis for PQ was linear in the range 0-10 µg/mL. The detection limits ranged from 0.0076 µg/mL for urine to 0.047 µg/mL for whole blood, and the recoveries were suitable for forensic analysis. The proposed GC-IT/MS method provided an accurate and simple assay with adequate precision and recovery for the quantification of PQ in postmortem samples. The proof of applicability was performed in two fatal PQ intoxications. A review of the analytical methods for the determination of quaternary ammonium herbicides is also provided for a better understanding of the presently available techniques.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantification of paraquat in postmortem samples by gas chromatography–ion trap mass spectrometry and review of the literature

Moreira

Pinho

Baltazar

et al. 2011

Biomedical Chromatography

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“…Due to its importance, many analytical methods have been developed for its determination. Reported literature methods mainly focus on chromatographic techniques, such as reversed-phase liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection [3], thin-layer chromatography-densitometry method [4], HPLC or LC-MS [5–8], and capillary zone electrophoresis [9], etc. Other methods are also available, including electrogenerated chemiluminescence [10], resonance light scattering [11], and the flow-injection techniques [12,13], etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Electrochemical Sensor for Probing Doxepin Created on a Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified with Poly(4-Amino- benzoic Acid)/Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Composite Film

Huang

Guoliang

et al. 2010

Sensors

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A novel electrochemical sensor for sensitive detection of doxepin was prepared, which was based on a glassy carbon electrode modified with poly(4-aminobenzoic acid)/multi-walled carbon nanotubes composite film [poly(4-ABA)/MWNTs/GCE]. The sensor was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and electrochemical methods. It was observed that poly(4-ABA)/MWNTs/GCE showed excellent preconcentration function and electrocatalytic activities towards doxepin. Under the selected conditions, the anodic peak current was linear to the logarithm of doxepin concentration in the range from 1.0 × 10−9 to 1.0 × 10−6 M, and the detection limit obtained was 1.0 × 10−10 M. The poly(4-ABA)/MWNTs/GCE was successfully applied in the measurement of doxepin in commercial pharmaceutical formulations, and the analytical accuracy was confirmed by comparison with a conventional ultraviolet spectrophotometry assay.

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“…For toxicological and forensic purposes, the concentrations of these same compounds in body fluids and tissues from DOX‐associated deaths were analyzed by LC‐MS/MS as reported by Gronewold et al . (2009). In this study, chromatographic separation was carried out on a C 8 column with a mobile phase composed with acetonitrile–methanol–4 m m ammonium acetate, pH 3.2 (28:7:65, v/v/v) whereas MS detection for quantification was acquired in MRM mode.…”

Section: Chromatographic Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this study, the rates of recoveries for analyzed substances were 81.4 for plasma and 82.4% for brain tissue samples. The mixture of hexane and 1‐butanol (98:2, v/v) was applied before LC‐MS/MS of post‐mortem determination of DOX and nordoxepin (NDOX) from homogenized gastric contents, urine and blood samples (Gronewold et al ., 2009). In this study, DOX was more efficiently extracted than NDOX (84 and 54%, respectively).…”

Section: Sample Pretreatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modern chromatographic and electrophoretic measurements of antidepressants and their metabolites in biofluids

Plenis

Bączek

2010

Biomedical Chromatography

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Depression is one of the most frequently occurring psychiatric conditions affecting the economic and social functioning of people all over the world. There are a few classes of drugs commonly used to treat patients with depression disorders. Therapeutic drug monitoring of antidepressants provides the possibility to reduce side effects and optimize the treatment of patients with depression. Hence, there is a need to develop reliable analytical methods for the determination of these agents in biological fluids. Moreover, an important part of understanding the mechanisms of action of these medicines is also associated with the recognition of the metabolites' function because of their potential influence on therapeutic benefits and/or adverse effects. Some of them possess the same primary activity as their parent compounds and may contribute to the therapeutic efficacy whereas the biochemical actions of other metabolites may be different from that of the parent drug. In this review, several validated high-performance liquid chromatographic, gas chromatographic and capillary electrophoretic methods for quantification of antidepressants and their metabolites in biofluids are compared. In addition, the review covers areas such as mechanism of actions, structure-activity relationships and metabolism of the cited antidepressants.

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Doxepin and nordoxepin concentrations in body fluids and tissues in doxepin associated deaths

Cited by 17 publications

References 20 publications

Quantification of paraquat in postmortem samples by gas chromatography–ion trap mass spectrometry and review of the literature

Quantification of paraquat in postmortem samples by gas chromatography–ion trap mass spectrometry and review of the literature

A Novel Electrochemical Sensor for Probing Doxepin Created on a Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified with Poly(4-Amino- benzoic Acid)/Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Composite Film

Modern chromatographic and electrophoretic measurements of antidepressants and their metabolites in biofluids

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