DR and CR: Recent advances in technology

Schaefer-Prokop, C.; Boo, Diederick W. De; Uffmann, Martin; Prokop, Mathias

doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2009.05.055

Cited by 29 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Digital radiography (DR), which includes direct DR and computed radiography (CR) technologies,3 is now considered the accepted technology in most departments 4. Due to the wide exposure latitude and post processing capabilities associated with DR,5 resultant images will have similar appearances in terms of contrast and density when compared to film-screen technologies independent of the exposure, however, if images are underexposed increased quantum mottle will be evident in the image 6.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Digital radiography exposure indices: A review

Mothiram

Brennan

Lewis

et al. 2014

J of Medical Radiation Sci

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Digital radiography (DR) technologies have the advantage of a wide dynamic range compared to their film-screen predecessors, however, this poses a potential for increased patient exposure if left unchecked. Manufacturers have developed the exposure index (EI) to counter this, which provides radiographers with feedback on the exposure reaching the detector. As these EIs were manufacturer-specific, a wide variety of EIs existed. To offset this, the international standardised EI has been developed by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM). The purpose of this article is to explore the current literature relating to EIs, beginning with the historical development of the EI, the development of the standardised EI and an exploration of common themes and studies as evidenced in the research literature. It is anticipated that this review will provide radiographers with a useful guide to understanding EIs, their application in clinical practice, limitations and suggestions for further research.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Digital radiography exposure indices: A review

Mothiram

Brennan

Lewis

et al. 2014

J of Medical Radiation Sci

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“…[6,7] Moreover, various application fields demand different requirements to the scintillators on incident radiation energy (keV), reaction time (ms), thickness (μm), area (cm 2 ), and spatial resolution (1 p/mm). for example, crystallography:8-20 (keV), <0.5 (ms), 30-50(μm), 30×30 (cm 2 ), 10 (lp/mm); mammography: 20-30 (keV), <0.1 (ms), 100-150 (μm), 20×25 (cm 2 ), 15-20 (lp/mm); dental Imaging: 50-70 (keV), <1 (ms), 70-120 (μm), 2.5×3.5 (cm 2 ), 7-10 (lp/mm); nondestructive testing: 30-400 (keV), <0.1 (ms), 70-1000 (μm), 10×10 (cm 2 ), 5-10 (lp/mm); and Astronomy: 30-600 (keV), <0.05 (ms), 70-2000 (μm), 30×30 (cm 2 ), 4-5 (lp/mm), the detail physical characterizations of scintillator is in the table 1 [8][9][10][11][12]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The fabrication of sub-micron size cesium iodide x-ray scintillator

et al. 2015

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The cesium iodide (CsI) scintillator can converts incident X-ray into visible light with very high conversion efficiency of optical photons. The incident energy, response time, film thickness, sample size, and spatial resolution require in engineering and medical applications are difference. A smooth and flat surface and single crystal structure of CsI enhance the X-ray to visible light conversion. However, the regular CsI is soft and extremely hygroscopic; it is very difficult to polish to obtain a smooth and optical flat plane. In order to obtain a good quality of CsI scintillator for X-ray application we used an ordering channel as template and formed sub-micron CsI wire in the template. The fabrication process including: (1) Ordering structure of nano or sub-micron channels were made by an anodization method; (2) fill CsI scintillated film on the channel by CsI solution, (3) fill CsI melt into the channel formation single crystal of sub-micron crystalline scintillator after solidification. The non-vacuum processes of anodization and solidication methods were used for the sub-micron CsI scintillator column formation that is cost down the scintillator fabrication. In addition, through the fabrication method, the ordering structure scintillator of scintillator can be made by anodic treatment and die casting technology with low cost and rapid production; moreover, the film oxidized metal tubes of the tubular template can be further manufactured to nano tubes by adjusting electrolyte composition, electrolysis voltage, and processing time of anodic treatment, and the aperture size, the thickness and the vessel density of the nano tube can be controlled and ranged from 10 nm to 500 nm, 0.1 μm to 1000 μm, and hundred million to thousand billion tube/cm 2 , respectively.

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“…Such advantages of the DR system enhanced portability, mobility and smart environments due to the decreased size, light weight and better image quality depending on the improvement of the detector performance, as well as the implementation of multi-functional software. Among these advantages, mobility is an increasingly important topic in radiographic image acquisition [4]. Portable DR (PDR) detectors are suitable for intensive care units, emergency departments, outpatient clinics and so on [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Portable Digital Radiography System with a Device for Monitoring X-ray Source-Detector Angle and Its Application in Chest Imaging

Kim

Heo

Jeong

et al. 2017

Sensors

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This study developed a device measuring the X-ray source-detector angle (SDA) and evaluated the imaging performance for diagnosing chest images. The SDA device consisted of Arduino, an accelerometer and gyro sensor, and a Bluetooth module. The SDA values were compared with the values of a digital angle meter. The performance of the portable digital radiography (PDR) was evaluated using the signal-to-noise (SNR), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), spatial resolution, distortion and entrance surface dose (ESD). According to different angle degrees, five anatomical landmarks were assessed using a five-point scale. The mean SNR and CNR were 182.47 and 141.43. The spatial resolution and ESD were 3.17 lp/mm (157 μm) and 0.266 mGy. The angle values of the SDA device were not significantly difference as compared to those of the digital angle meter. In chest imaging, the SNR and CNR values were not significantly different according to the different angle degrees. The visibility scores of the border of the heart, the fifth rib and the scapula showed significant differences according to different angles (p < 0.05), whereas the scores of the clavicle and first rib were not significant. It is noticeable that the increase in the SDA degree was consistent with the increases of the distortion and visibility score. The proposed PDR with a SDA device would be useful for application in the clinical radiography setting according to the standard radiography guidelines.

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DR and CR: Recent advances in technology

Cited by 29 publications

References 23 publications

Digital radiography exposure indices: A review

Digital radiography exposure indices: A review

The fabrication of sub-micron size cesium iodide x-ray scintillator

Development of Portable Digital Radiography System with a Device for Monitoring X-ray Source-Detector Angle and Its Application in Chest Imaging

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