Food is an absolute necessity for human survival on the planet. However, how and what is grown depends on where plants are cultivated. A symposium entitled, "Water, Soils, Crops and People in a Changing Climate", was held during the 2018 annual meeting of the American Society of Agronomy in Baltimore, MD. It provided an opportunity to reflect on the work done by B.A. Stewart and other dryland researchers who conducted the pioneering work upon which many current studies are based. Dryland regions pose unique challenges to growing food and other field crops, principally because of a lack in plant-available water during the growing season. One solution is to supplement natural precipitation with irrigation, but that is not always possible. Crop production practices evolved so that wheat (Triticum spp.) and other field crops could be grown in these regions. One of these was summer fallow, where arable land is idled from 14 to 21 months so that soil water reservoirs are recharged prior to growing field crops. Excessive erosion and other problems created by summer fallow became apparent as this practice was adopted. These challenges were acknowledged in the monograph Dryland Agriculture