Draft Genome Sequence of the Sexually Transmitted Pathogen
            <i>Trichomonas vaginalis</i>

Carlton, Jane M.; Hirt, Robert P.; Silva, Joana C.; Delcher, Arthur L.; Schatz, Michael C.; Zhao, Qi; Wortman, Jennifer; Bidwell, Shelby L.; Alsmark, U. Cecilia M.; Besteiro, Sébastien; Sicheritz-Pontén, Thomas; Noël, Christophe; Dacks, Joel B.; Foster, Peter G.; Simillion, Cédric; Peer, Yves Van de; Miranda‐Saavedra, Diego; Barton, Geoffrey J.; Westrop, Gareth D.; Müller, Sylke; Dessì, Daniele; Fiori, Pier Luigi; Ren, Qinghu; Paulsen, Ian T.; Zhang, Hanbang; Bastida, Felix; Simões-Barbosa, Augusto; Brown, Mark T.; Hayes, Richard D.; Mukherjee, M.; Okumura, Cheryl; Schneider, Rachel; Smith, Andrew; Vaňáčová, Štěpánka; Villalvazo, Maria; Haas, Brian J.; Pertea, Mihaela; Feldblyum, Tamara; Utterback, Terry; Shu, Chung-Li; Osoegawa, Kazutoyo; Jong, Pieter J. de; Hrdý, Ivan; Horváthová, Lenka; Zubáčová, Zuzana; Doležal, Pavel; Malik, Shehre-Banoo; Logsdon, John M.; Henze, Katrin; Gupta, Adarsh; Wang, Ching C.; Dunne, Rebecca; Upcroft, Jacqueline; Upcroft, Peter; White, Owen; Salzberg, Steven L.; Tang, Petrus; Chiu, Cheng-Hsun; Lee, Ying-Shiung; Embley, T. Martin; Coombs, Graham H.; Mottram, Jeremy C.; Tachezy, Jan; Fraser, Claire M.; Johnson, Patricia J.

doi:10.1126/science.1132894

Cited by 745 publications

(1,002 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Nevertheless, there are other eukaryotes that lack at least some core ABPs. For example, Trichomonas and Cyanidioschyzon lack myosin, whereas the Trypanosomes are missing nucleation-promoting factors, actin cross-linking proteins, and the dynactin complex (39)(40)(41). Spironucleus vortens, a fish commensal and a close relative of Giardia (both of the order Diplomonadida), is the only other example of a eukaryote lacking the core set of ABPs.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An actin cytoskeleton with evolutionarily conserved functions in the absence of canonical actin-binding proteins

Paredez

Assaf

Sept

et al. 2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

166

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Giardia intestinalis, a human intestinal parasite and member of what is perhaps the earliest-diverging eukaryotic lineage, contains the most divergent eukaryotic actin identified to date and is the first eukaryote known to lack all canonical actin-binding proteins (ABPs). We sought to investigate the properties and functions of the actin cytoskeleton in Giardia to determine whether Giardia actin (giActin) has reduced or conserved roles in core cellular processes. In vitro polymerization of giActin produced filaments, indicating that this divergent actin is a true filament-forming actin. We generated an anti-giActin antibody to localize giActin throughout the cell cycle. GiActin localized to the cortex, nuclei, internal axonemes, and formed C-shaped filaments along the anterior of the cell and a flagella-bundling helix. These structures were regulated with the cell cycle and in encysting cells giActin was recruited to the Golgi-like cyst wall processing vesicles. Knockdown of giActin demonstrated that giActin functions in cell morphogenesis, membrane trafficking, and cytokinesis. Additionally, Giardia contains a single G protein, giRac, which affects the Giardia actin cytoskeleton independently of known target ABPs. These results imply that there exist ancestral and perhaps conserved roles for actin in core cellular processes that are independent of canonical ABPs. Of medical significance, the divergent giActin cytoskeleton is essential and commonly used actin-disrupting drugs do not depolymerize giActin structures. Therefore, the giActin cytoskeleton is a promising drug target for treating giardiasis, as we predict drugs that interfere with the Giardia actin cytoskeleton will not affect the mammalian host. cytoskeleton evolution | actin protofilaments | MreB | endocytosis | Rac

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An actin cytoskeleton with evolutionarily conserved functions in the absence of canonical actin-binding proteins

Paredez

Assaf

Sept

et al. 2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

166

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…To maintain comparability between analyses, C. merolae, N. gruberi, T. thermophila, and C. reinhardtii, although sampled, were excluded, because in each case at least two of the four possible genes examined could not be confidently identified by the above criteria. Trichomonas vaginalis was also excluded because of massive expansion of its endocytic machinery (54).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogeny of endocytic components yields insight into the process of nonendosymbiotic organelle evolution

Dacks

Poon

Field³

2008

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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125

138

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The process by which some eukaryotic organelles, for example the endomembrane system, evolved without endosymbiotic input remains poorly understood. This problem largely arises because many major cellular systems predate the last common eukaryotic ancestor (LCEA) and thus do not provide examples of organellogenesis in progress. A model is emerging whereby gene duplication and divergence of multiple ''specificity-'' or ''identity-'' encoding proteins for the various endomembranous organelles produced the diversity of nonendosymbiotically derived cellular compartments present in modern eukaryotes. To address this possibility, we analyzed three molecular components of the endocytic membrane-trafficking machinery. Phylogenetic analyses of the endocytic syntaxins, Rab 5, and the ␤-adaptins each reveal a pattern of ancestral, undifferentiated endocytic homologues in the LCEA. Subsequently, these undifferentiated progenitors independently duplicated in widely divergent lineages, convergently producing components with similar endocytic roles, e.g., ␤1 and ␤2-adaptin. In contrast, ␤3, ␤4, and all other adaptin complex subunits, as well as paralogues of the syntaxins and Rabs specific for the other membrane-trafficking organelles, all evolved before the LCEA. Thus, the process giving rise to the differentiated organelles of the endocytic system appears to have been interrupted by the major speciation event that produced the extant eukaryotic lineages. These results suggest that although many endocytic components evolved before the LCEA, other major features evolved independently and convergently after diversification into the primary eukaryotic supergroups. This finding provides an example of a basic cellular system that was simpler in the LCEA than in many extant eukaryotes and yields insight into nonendosymbiotic organelle evolution.adaptin ͉ Rab ͉ SNARE ͉ trafficking ͉ autogenous

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“…Strikingly, despite having a genome of approximately 160 megabases and 60,000 predicted protein-coding genes [71], T. vaginalis possesses only nine genes encoding rhomboidlike proteases and the majority of them are predicted to be inactive.…”

Section: Repertoire In Other Protozoansmentioning

confidence: 99%

New insights into parasite rhomboid proteases

Santos

Graindorge

Soldati‐Favre

2012

Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology

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a b s t r a c tThe rhomboid-like proteins constitute a large family of intramembrane serine proteases that are present in all branches of life. First studied in Drosophila, these enzymes catalyse the release of the active forms of proteins from the membrane and hence trigger signalling events. In protozoan parasites, a limited number of rhomboid-like proteases have been investigated and some of them are associated to pathogenesis. In Apicomplexans, rhomboid-like protease activity is involved in shedding adhesins from the surface of the zoites during motility and host cell entry. Recently, a Toxoplasma gondii rhomboid was also implicated in an intracellular signalling mechanism leading to parasite proliferation. In Entamoeba histolytica, the capacity to adhere to host cells and to phagocytose cells is potentiated by a rhomboid-like protease. Survey of a small number of protozoan parasite genomes has uncovered species-specific rhomboidlike protease genes, many of which are predicted to encode inactive enzymes. Functional investigation of the rhomboid-like proteases in other protozoan parasites will likely uncover novel and unexpected implications for this family of proteases.

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Draft Genome Sequence of the Sexually Transmitted Pathogen Trichomonas vaginalis

Cited by 745 publications

References 38 publications

An actin cytoskeleton with evolutionarily conserved functions in the absence of canonical actin-binding proteins

An actin cytoskeleton with evolutionarily conserved functions in the absence of canonical actin-binding proteins

Phylogeny of endocytic components yields insight into the process of nonendosymbiotic organelle evolution

New insights into parasite rhomboid proteases

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