Dreaming and waking: Similarities and differences revisited

Kahan, Tracey L.; LaBerge, Stephen

doi:10.1016/j.concog.2010.09.002

Cited by 68 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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“…However, these were either limited to the falling asleep period (Horikawa et al, 2013), the first non-REM (NREM) sleep cycle of the night (Noreika et al, 2009), or distributed over a 24-h time frame (Chellappa et al, 2011). Only a few groups compared conscious experiences during wakefulness and sleep in the same individuals (Kahan et al, 1997; Fosse et al, 2001; Stickgold et al, 2001; Kahan and Laberge, 2011). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing sleep consciousness within subjects using a serial awakening paradigm

Siclari¹,

LaRocque²,

Postle³

et al. 2013

Front. Psychol.

149

166

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Dreaming—a particular form of consciousness that occurs during sleep—undergoes major changes in the course of the night. We aimed to outline state-dependent features of consciousness using a paradigm with multiple serial awakenings/questionings that allowed for within as well as between subject comparisons. Seven healthy participants who spent 44 experimental study nights in the laboratory were awakened by a computerized sound at 15–30 min intervals, regardless of sleep stage, and questioned for the presence or absence of sleep consciousness. Recall without content (“I was experiencing something but do not remember what”) was considered separately. Subjects had to indicate the content of the most recent conscious experience prior to the alarm sound and to estimate its duration and richness. We also assessed the degree of thinking and perceiving, self- and environment-relatedness and reflective consciousness of the experiences. Of the 778 questionings, 5% were performed during wakefulness, 2% in stage N1, 42% in N2, 33% in N3, and 17% in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Recall with content was reported in 34% of non-REM and in 77% of REM sleep awakenings. Sleep fragmentation inherent to the study design appeared to only minimally affect the recall of conscious experiences. Each stage displayed a unique combination of characteristic features of sleep consciousness. In conclusion, our serial awakening paradigm allowed us to collect a large and representative sample of conscious experiences across states of being. It represents a time-efficient method for the study of sleep consciousness that may prove particularly advantageous when combined with techniques such as functional MRI and high-density EEG.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing sleep consciousness within subjects using a serial awakening paradigm

Siclari¹,

LaRocque²,

Postle³

et al. 2013

Front. Psychol.

149

166

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…19In their most recent paper, Kahan and LaBerge (2011) overview the strong evidence in support of lucid dreaming, including eye signaling, but make no mention of any progress using the hand signaling method.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

What I make up when I wake up: anti-experience views and narrative fabrication of dreams

Rosen

2013

Front. Psychol.

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I propose a narrative fabrication thesis of dream reports, according to which dream reports are often not accurate representations of experiences that occur during sleep. I begin with an overview of anti-experience theses of Norman Malcolm and Daniel Dennett who reject the received view of dreams, that dreams are experiences we have during sleep which are reported upon waking. Although rejection of the first claim of the received view, that dreams are experiences that occur during sleep, is implausible, I evaluate in more detail the second assumption of the received view, that dream reports are generally accurate. I then propose a “narrative fabrication” view of dreams as an alternative to the received view. Dream reports are often confabulated or fabricated because of poor memory, bizarre dream content, and cognitive deficits. It is well documented that narratives can be altered between initial rapid eye movement sleep awakenings and subsequent reports. I argue that we have reason to suspect that initial reports are prone to inaccuracy. Experiments demonstrate that subjects rationalize strange elements in narratives, leaving out supernatural or bizarre components when reporting waking memories of stories. Inaccuracies in dream reports are exacerbated by rapid memory loss and bizarre dream content. Waking memory is a process of reconstruction and blending of elements, but unlike waking memory, we cannot reality-test for dream memories. Dream experiences involve imaginative elements, and dream content cannot be verified with external evidence. Some dreams may involve wake-like higher cognitive functions, such as lucid dreams. Such dreams are more likely to elicit accurate reports than cognitively deficient dreams. However, dream reports are generally less accurate than waking reports. I then propose methods which could verify the narrative fabrication view, and argue that although the theory cannot be tested with current methods, new techniques and technologies may be able to do so in the future.

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“…However, despite being similar in their cognitive and sensory processes, including high-order cognitive activities (Kahan and Laberge, 2011), dreaming and waking mentation markedly differ in logical organization and structure due to a pervasive bizarreness of events and actions in dreams, with weak logicity and a confabulatory narrative construction (Hobson et al, 1987;Scarone et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Right hemisphere neural activations in the recall of waking fantasies and of dreams

Benedetti

Poletti

Radaelli

et al. 2015

Journal of Sleep Research

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SUMMARYThe story-like organization of dreams is characterized by a pervasive bizarreness of events and actions that resembles psychotic thought, and largely exceeds that observed in normal waking fantasies. Little is known about the neural correlates of the confabulatory narrative construction of dreams. In this study, dreams, fantasies elicited by ambiguous pictorial stimuli, and non-imaginative first-and third-person narratives from healthy participants were recorded, and were then studied for brain blood oxygen level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging on a 3.0-Tesla scanner while listening to their own narrative reports and attempting a retrieval of the corresponding experience. In respect to nonbizarre reports of daytime activities, the script-driven recall of dreams and fantasies differentially activated a right hemisphere network including areas in the inferior frontal gyrus, and superior and middle temporal gyrus. Neural responses were significantly greater for fantasies than for dreams in all regions, and inversely proportional to the degree of bizarreness observed in narrative reports. The inferior frontal gyrus, superior and middle temporal gyrus have been implicated in the semantic activation, integration and selection needed to build a coherent story representation and to resolve semantic ambiguities; in deductive and inferential reasoning; in self-and other-perspective taking, theory of mind, moral and autobiographical reasoning. Their degree of activation could parallel the level of logical robustness or inconsistency experienced when integrating information and mental representations in the process of building fantasy and dream narratives.

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Dreaming and waking: Similarities and differences revisited

Cited by 68 publications

References 79 publications

Assessing sleep consciousness within subjects using a serial awakening paradigm

Assessing sleep consciousness within subjects using a serial awakening paradigm

What I make up when I wake up: anti-experience views and narrative fabrication of dreams

Right hemisphere neural activations in the recall of waking fantasies and of dreams

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