“…Fans may also challenge the official “readings” (i.e., interpretations) of the clubs (Fiske, 1989), for example when evaluating the players’ actions. This ongoing negotiation of codes, which may be opaque to those outside the community, forms the basis of the community’s self-perception and continually reinforces it (Aden, Rahoi, & Beck, 1995). The more actively this process of interpreting “texts” takes place, the more community members develop a sense of belonging and a social identity (Anderson, 1991; Jenkins, 1992).…”