Drinking water in Bremen: Trihalomethanes and social costs A case study of bromoform formation during chlorination of river water highly contaminated with bromide ions

Bätjer, K.; Gabel, B.; Koschorrek, M.; Lahl, Uwe; Lierse, K.; Stachel, Burkhard; Thiemann, W.

doi:10.1016/0048-9697(80)90030-3

Cited by 13 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The generally low Br − content of most of the water exploited for drinking purposes limits the production of brominated DPBs. Many studies have shown that water whose Br − concentration, which comes from both natural (Richardson et al 2003) and anthropogenic sources (Bätjer et al 1980), is in excess of about 1 mg/l, contain a large variety of DPBs some of which are above the allowed maximum admissible content.…”

Section: Health Issuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…by drinkingwater disinfection processes (Bätjer et al 1980;Richardson et al 2003). In this way, the slightly toxic Br − ion in water can be transformed into highly toxic and carcinogenic disinfection by-products (DBPs) with very low guideline values ranging from 0.0004 mg/l (1,2 Dibromoethane) to 0.1 mg/l (Bromoform) (WHO 2000(WHO , 2004.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Survey on fluoride, bromide and chloride contents in public drinking water supplies in Sicily (Italy)

D’Alessandro

Bellomo

Parello

et al. 2007

Environ Monit Assess

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Six hundred and sixty-seven water samples were collected from public drinking water supplies in Sicily and analysed for electric conductivity and for their Cl(-), Br(-) and F(-) contents. The samples were, as far as possible, collected evenly over the entire territory with an average sampling density of about one sample for every 7,600 inhabitants. The contents of Cl(-) and Br(-), ranging between 5.53 and 1,302 mg/l and between <0.025 and 4.76 mg/l respectively, correlated well with the electric conductivity, a parameter used as a proxy for water salinity. The highest values were found both along the NW and SE coasts, which we attributed to seawater contamination, and in the central part of Sicily, which we attributed to evaporitic rock dissolution. The fluoride concentrations ranged from 0.023 to 3.28 mg/l, while the highest values (only three exceeding the maximum admissible concentration of 1.5 mg/l) generally correlated either with the presence in the area of crystalline (volcanic or metamorphic) or evaporitic rocks or with contamination from hydrothermal activity. Apart from these limited cases of exceeding F(-) levels, the waters of public drinking water supplies in Sicily can be considered safe for human consumption for the analysed parameters. Some limited concern could arise from the intake of bromide-rich waters (about 3% exceeding 1 mg/l) because of the potential formation of dangerous disinfection by-products.

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Section: Health Issuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Survey on fluoride, bromide and chloride contents in public drinking water supplies in Sicily (Italy)

D’Alessandro

Bellomo

Parello

et al. 2007

Environ Monit Assess

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“…A similar phenomenon had been observed before in Bremen, where the Weser River carried high levels of bromide due to potash effluents. Despite the low levels of chlorination applied in Bremen, high concentrations of bromoform (a type of THMs) were recorded (Bätjer et al, 1980). Further research carried out by the SGAB laboratory by sampling before and after the potash salt mines confirmed that the high levels of brominated THMs of the Llobregat were related to the salinization caused by the activity of the mines.…”

Section: The Llobregat Water Palimpsest Ii: Enter the Thmsmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Soon laboratories around the world started replicating these experiments and searching for THMs in their chlorinated waters (see for example Bätjer et al, 1980;Ventura and Rivera, 1985). Health research soon confirmed Rook's suspicion by positively correlating levels of THMs with several types of cancer (Cantor et al, 1978).…”

Section: The Llobregat Water Palimpsest Ii: Enter the Thmsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Dangerous assemblages: Salts, trihalomethanes and endocrine disruptors in the water palimpsest of the Llobregat River, Catalonia

Gorostiza

Pujol

2017

Geoforum

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“…In drinking water, the maximum contaminant level of THMs is being set at a total of 40 mg l 1 although there may well be issues over setting a level based on total concentration as the organobromines may be more hazardous than chloroform (Rathburn, 1996). Strategic work has been undertaken in examining the potential of surface and groundwaters for generating trihalomethanes (Rathburn, 1996;Stuart et al, 2001) and there can be marked costs to the water industry (Batjer et al, 1980). There is also a wide range of organobromines in the environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bromine and bromide in rainfall, cloud, stream and groundwater in the Plynlimon area of mid-Wales

Neal¹,

Neal²,

Hughes³

et al. 2007

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.

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Bromine in rainfall, cloud water, stream water and groundwater were measured in the upper River Severn catchments at Plynlimon in midWales using two analytical procedures for bromide determination: a colorimetric method and, later, ion chromatography. Discrepancies between the methods indicated that the colorimetric method was measuring more than just bromide so it was dissolved labile bromine (DLBr) (Neal et al. 2007). This paper reports the variation in DLBr and bromide across the Plynlimon region and assesses the differences between these two measures. The average DLBr concentration in the streams ranges between 18.3 and 27.8 mgl -1 compared with a rainfall average concentration of 15.6 mg l 1 . The corresponding bromide concentrations in the streams are 13.818.6 mg l -1 and 13.2 mg l -1 in rainfall. For cloud water, throughfall and stemflow, DLBr concentrations are an order of magnitude higher than in rainfall and the concentrations are strongly correlated with chloride. Average values of bromide in rainfall and cloud water are similar to those of DLBr and are strongly correlated with chloride: unfortunately, no bromide measurements were taken in throughfall and stemflow. These results indicate that marine aerosol inputs are high and that the DLBr in these inputs is dominated by bromide. For cloud water, DLBr was correlated with dissolved organic carbon (DOC) as well as with chloride; hence, there may well be an organic-associated component. Within the streams draining the forested areas, DLBr increases with time as DOC increases. DLBr concentrations in the streams are correlated with DOC in most cases and, to a lesser degree, with chloride. However, for bromide there is no correlation with DOC, but a weak correlation with chloride remains and the gradient is higher than for the DLBr case. Increasing concentrations of both DLBr and DOC may well reflect the wetting up of the catchments as transpiration diminshes as the trees age as well as through felling. In groundwater, only DLBr has been measured, and its concentration is similar to that for the streams. However, in the groundwater zone, DLBr is poorly correlated with DOC concentrations, in which DOC is largely converted to CO 2 . Atmospheric inputstream output flux estimates indicate a net uptake of bromide by the catchment of around 30%, matched by a corresponding release of DOC-associated bromine.

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Drinking water in Bremen: Trihalomethanes and social costs A case study of bromoform formation during chlorination of river water highly contaminated with bromide ions

Cited by 13 publications

References 7 publications

Survey on fluoride, bromide and chloride contents in public drinking water supplies in Sicily (Italy)

Survey on fluoride, bromide and chloride contents in public drinking water supplies in Sicily (Italy)

Dangerous assemblages: Salts, trihalomethanes and endocrine disruptors in the water palimpsest of the Llobregat River, Catalonia

Bromine and bromide in rainfall, cloud, stream and groundwater in the Plynlimon area of mid-Wales

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