Drinking water quality in Nepal’s Kathmandu Valley: a survey and assessment of selected controlling site characteristics

Warner, Nathaniel R.; Levy, Jonathan; Harpp, K. S.; Farruggia, Frank T.

doi:10.1007/s10040-007-0238-1

Cited by 95 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The concentration was significantly lower in the deeper wells. Warner et al (2008) drew similar conclusion, they carried out water quality examinations in Kathmandu valley, Nepal. They proved that regarding nitrate and bacterial contamination shallow groundwater, that is closer to the surface, was the most polluted.…”

Section: Wwwintechopencommentioning

confidence: 70%

Study of the Factors Influencing the Shallow Groundwater Quality in Two Settlements with Different Characteristics

Szabó¹,

Vince²,

Bessenyei³

2012

Water Quality Monitoring and Assessment

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Section: Wwwintechopencommentioning

confidence: 70%

Study of the Factors Influencing the Shallow Groundwater Quality in Two Settlements with Different Characteristics

Szabó¹,

Vince²,

Bessenyei³

2012

Water Quality Monitoring and Assessment

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“…According to the groundwater quality analysis by ENPHO The concentration of K þ , Ca 2 þ and Mg 2 þ in the synthetic groundwater was same as that in raw groundwater; however, concentration of NH 4 -N was set as 40 mg/L because some areas have higher NH 4 -N concentration than the value reported by the ENPHO (Khatiwada et al 2002;Warner et al 2008). Since the concentrations of PO 4 -P and inorganic carbon (IC) in the groundwater are quite low for NH 4 -N removal by biological process, 2 mg/L of PO 4 -P and excess IC was prepared in the synthetic groundwater as suggested in Sumino et al (2007).…”

Section: Synthetic Groundwater Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance of intermittent aeration reactor on NH4-N removal from groundwater resources

Khanitchaidecha

Nakamura

Sumino

et al. 2010

Water Science and Technology

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To study the effect of intermittent aeration period on ammonium-nitrogen (NH4-N) removal from groundwater resources, synthetic groundwater was prepared and three reactors were operated under different conditions--"reactor A" under continuous aeration, "reactor B" under 6 h intermittent aeration, and "reactor C" under 2 h intermittent aeration. To facilitate denitrification simultaneously with nitrification, "acetate" was added as an external carbon source with step-wise increase from 0.5 to 1.5 C/N ratio, where C stands for total carbon content in the system, and N for NH4-N concentration in the synthetic groundwater. Results show that complete NH4-N removal was obtained in "reactor B" and "reactor C" at 1.3 and 1.5 C/N ratio respectively; and partial NH4-N removal in "reactor A". These results suggest that intermittent aeration at longer interval could enhance the reactor performance on NH4-N removal in terms of efficiency and low external carbon requirement. Because of consumption of internal carbon by the process, less amount of external carbon is required. Further increase in carbon in a form of acetate (1.5 to 2.5 C/N ratios) increases removal rate (represented by reaction rate coefficient (k) of kinetic equation) as well as occurrence of free cells. It suggests that the operating condition at reactor B with 1.3 C/N ratio is more appropriate for long-term operation at a pilot-scale.

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“…In addition, winter water deficit may directly affect both water quality and hydropower production, particularly in urbanized areas. In the Kathmandu valley, water shortage may reach critical levels during the end of the dry season, a situation that reinforces the man-induced pollution, e.g., the high degree of heavy metals and nitrates concentration and microbial contamination in the Bagmati watershed (Warner et al, 2008). Similarly during winter and spring, access to electricity is already restricted to only a few hours per day (low level of the Kulekhani reservoir fed by ground water flow), an important drawback that compromises Kathmandu economic development.…”

Section: Towards Water Shortage?mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Himalayas: from mountain building to landform evolution in a changing world

Fort¹

2011

Geogr. Pol.

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Abstract:The Himalayas are a living mountain mass, which, in addition to their rocks, landforms and processes, are the homeland of people who must continually adapt to their geodynamically very active, yet inspiring environment. We focus on the Himalayas of Nepal, one of the less developed countries in the world. This paper addresses different issues: mountain landform building, the role of current processes and natural hazards, and their interactions with a changing world, i.e. under the influence of economic development in a context of globalization and climate change.

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Drinking water quality in Nepal’s Kathmandu Valley: a survey and assessment of selected controlling site characteristics

Cited by 95 publications

References 11 publications

Study of the Factors Influencing the Shallow Groundwater Quality in Two Settlements with Different Characteristics

Study of the Factors Influencing the Shallow Groundwater Quality in Two Settlements with Different Characteristics

Performance of intermittent aeration reactor on NH4-N removal from groundwater resources

The Himalayas: from mountain building to landform evolution in a changing world

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