Drinking water quality monitoring, assessment and management in Pakistan: A review

Perveen, Shazia; Amar-Ul-Haque,

doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13872

Cited by 30 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…The fissures are one of the main causes of groundwater contamination because the sewerage water pollutes the aquifer system through these pathways. The Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources (PCRWR) reported 76% of the groundwater samples from Quetta are unsafe due to bacteriological contaminants, mainly faecal pollutants [71,72].…”

Section: Ground Fissuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

GNSS and Sentinel-1 InSAR Integrated Long-Term Subsidence Monitoring in Quetta and Mastung Districts, Balochistan, Pakistan

Kakar,

Zhao,

et al. 2024

Remote Sensing

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Land subsidence (LS) is a global phenomenon that has affected several urban centres around the world such as Jakarta (Indonesia), Mexico City (Mexico), Xi’an (China), and Iron County (US). It has mainly been attributed to anthropogenic activities such as groundwater exploitation, especially in unconsolidated aquifer systems rich in highly compressible clay and silt. The platy clay minerals rearrange into horizontal stacks after dewatering, leading to a volume change due to overburden. In this study, land subsidence is investigated in the Quetta and Mastung districts, Balochistan, Pakistan, by employing Small Baseline Subset (SBAS) Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR), Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), and groundwater level (GWL) variations. This study represents the first attempt in Pakistan to measure the long-term land subsidence by fusing GNSS and InSAR data for improved validity. InSAR data from the Sentinel-1 satellite in the Ascending (195 scenes) and Descending (183 scenes) tracks were used to analyse LS from December 2015 to December 2022. High-accuracy Trimble NetRS GNSS receivers were used in five locations from October 2006 to December 2022. An average subsidence ranging from 3.2 cm/y to 16 cm/y was recorded in the valley mainly due to the GWL decline and clay-rich sediments, which are prone to compaction due to dewatering. An accumulative LS of 2 m was recorded by the permanent GNSS station in central Quetta from October 2008 to January 2023 (14.2 years). An acceleration in the subsidence from 12 cm/y to 16.6 cm/y after 2016 was recorded by the continuous GNSS. Additionally, the InSAR and GNSS values were compared for validation, resulting in a good correlation between both techniques. A GWL decline ranging from 1.7 m to 6 m was recorded by the piezometers in Quetta during the period 1987–2022. Large- and small-scale fissures were observed in the study area during the surveys. These fissures are responsible for damage to the city’s infrastructure and aquifer contamination. The subsidence profile also agrees with the subsurface lithology. Our assessment concludes that Quetta may be the fastest-sinking metropolitan city in Pakistan. The overexploitation of groundwater and the population explosion may be the main contributing factors for the land subsidence.

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Section: Ground Fissuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

GNSS and Sentinel-1 InSAR Integrated Long-Term Subsidence Monitoring in Quetta and Mastung Districts, Balochistan, Pakistan

Kakar,

Zhao,

et al. 2024

Remote Sensing

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“…Good water quality is crucial for ecosystems and the economy [25]. Water quality tells the condition of the water, including physical, chemical, and biological properties, respective to the demands of living species and any human demands and desires.…”

Section: (D) Graphical Representation Of Ph Of Each Housementioning

confidence: 99%

Water Audit Assessment and Evaluation of Physicochemical Parameters of Water in Haibat Mau Mawaiya, Raibareli Road, Lucknow, India

Gangwar

2023

AJEE

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The present study deals with quantitative and qualitative analysis of water. Water is essential for life on Earth, and it has finite resources in the world. Water resources are very beneficial to humans, and beyond human uses, they have a crucial role in every living creature. Nevertheless, as the population increases and moves, the accessibility of quality and quantity of water systems declines. For quantitative analysis, a water audit was conducted in the Indrapuri colony of Haibat Mau Mawaiya locality, Lucknow, India. The water audit gives a balanced, scientific framework that classifies a system’s exclusive use of water and controls problems associated with drought, losses, leakage, and shortage. The quality of water indicates the condition of water concerning its suitability for a designated use like drinking, bathing, and so on. The qualitative analysis was done by taking several physicochemical parameters of water. If these parameters do not meet the standards, further preventive measures are required for social well-being and good economic health. Standards of water quality make sure the appropriate use of water for different purposes like drinking, industrial, irrigation, etc. For social well-being and good economic health, water quality is vital.

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“…The security and efficiency of domestic water supplies have become a serious problem as a result of rapid urbanization and climate change [1,2]. The quality of drinking water delivered to the point of consumption by the consumer depends on many factors, i.e., the quality of the raw water taken in, the water treatment processes used, and the monitoring of water in the network [3][4][5]. Typically, tap water leaving a water treatment plant meets the requirements for the quality of water intended for human consumption, which are specified in relevant legal acts [6,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety of Tap Water in Terms of Changes in Physical, Chemical, and Biological Stability

Domoń,

Kowalska,

Papciak

et al. 2024

Water

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Monitoring the quality of tap water in the distribution system and the ability to estimate the risk of losing its sanitary safety is an important aspect of managing the collective water supply system. During monitoring, the physical, chemical, and biological stability of water was assessed, which is the main determinant ensuring the appropriate quality of water for consumers. The physicochemical and microbiological quality of water was analyzed for two distribution systems (DSs), including the analysis of heavy metals (Zn, Fe, Mn, Cr, Ni, Cu, Cd, Pb). The tests carried out showed that in both distribution systems, the water supplied to consumers met the guidelines for water intended for human consumption. It can be considered that the risk of uncontrolled changes in water quality in DSs with an average water production of <10,000 m3/d and the length of water pipelines < 150 km is very low. The water introduced into the system differed in the place of water intake and water purification technology, which influenced the final water quality. In DS(II), higher values were recorded for hardness, conductivity, calcium, alkalinity, nitrates, and DOC. It was found that the content of heavy metals during water transport to the consumer increased in the case of DS(I) for Zn, Ni, Cu, Cd, and Pb, and in the case of DS(II) for Fe, Mn, Ni, Cu, Cd, and Pb. The observed differences resulted from the different quality of the intake water as well as from different materials used to build internal installations and their age and technical condition. The analyzed tap water was characterized by physical and chemical stability. However, the water did not meet the guidelines for water biostability due to the increased content of biogenic substances.

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Drinking water quality monitoring, assessment and management in Pakistan: A review

Cited by 30 publications

References 41 publications

GNSS and Sentinel-1 InSAR Integrated Long-Term Subsidence Monitoring in Quetta and Mastung Districts, Balochistan, Pakistan

GNSS and Sentinel-1 InSAR Integrated Long-Term Subsidence Monitoring in Quetta and Mastung Districts, Balochistan, Pakistan

Water Audit Assessment and Evaluation of Physicochemical Parameters of Water in Haibat Mau Mawaiya, Raibareli Road, Lucknow, India

Safety of Tap Water in Terms of Changes in Physical, Chemical, and Biological Stability

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