Drinking Water Regulations

Hecq, Pierre; Hulsmann, Adriana; Hauchman, Fred S.; McLain, Jennifer L.; Schäfers, F.

doi:10.1002/0470094931.ch1

Cited by 14 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…According to the American legislation, total coliforms are the routine parameter to be determined. Only when these determinations are repeatedly positive, it is mandatory to assess fecal coliforms [ 142 , 143 ]. Although total coliforms are not necessarily fecal bacteria, the rationale behind this system is correct, since: (1) a positive test in fecal coliforms (which is our target) is necessarily positive in the total coliform procedure; (2) the inverse is not necessarily true; (3) total coliforms are easily and cheaply assayed in waters.…”

Section: Which Indicators Of Fecal Pollution Should Be Used?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Water Microbiology. Bacterial Pathogens and Water

Cabral¹

2010

IJERPH

943

513

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Water is essential to life, but many people do not have access to clean and safe drinking water and many die of waterborne bacterial infections. In this review a general characterization of the most important bacterial diseases transmitted through water—cholera, typhoid fever and bacillary dysentery—is presented, focusing on the biology and ecology of the causal agents and on the diseases’ characteristics and their life cycles in the environment. The importance of pathogenic Escherichia coli strains and emerging pathogens in drinking water-transmitted diseases is also briefly discussed. Microbiological water analysis is mainly based on the concept of fecal indicator bacteria. The main bacteria present in human and animal feces (focusing on their behavior in their hosts and in the environment) and the most important fecal indicator bacteria are presented and discussed (focusing on the advantages and limitations of their use as markers). Important sources of bacterial fecal pollution of environmental waters are also briefly indicated. In the last topic it is discussed which indicators of fecal pollution should be used in current drinking water microbiological analysis. It was concluded that safe drinking water for all is one of the major challenges of the 21st century and that microbiological control of drinking water should be the norm everywhere. Routine basic microbiological analysis of drinking water should be carried out by assaying the presence of Escherichia coli by culture methods. Whenever financial resources are available, fecal coliform determinations should be complemented with the quantification of enterococci. More studies are needed in order to check if ammonia is reliable for a preliminary screening for emergency fecal pollution outbreaks. Financial resources should be devoted to a better understanding of the ecology and behavior of human and animal fecal bacteria in environmental waters.

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Section: Which Indicators Of Fecal Pollution Should Be Used?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Water Microbiology. Bacterial Pathogens and Water

Cabral¹

2010

IJERPH

943

513

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“…According to the American legislation, total coliforms are the routine parameter to be determined in water. Only when these determinations are repeatedly positive, it is mandatory to assess fecal coliforms (Hecq et al, 2006). E. coli is a natural and essential part of the bacterial flora in the gut of humans and animals.…”

Section: Microbiological Properties Of Wastewater and Treated Wastewatermentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficiency of Wastewater Treatment Plant at Zagazig City for Removing Microbial and Chemical Pollutants (Case Study)

Hamed

El-Fattah

El-Basit

et al. 2016

Zagazig Journal of Agricultural Research

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Biological urban wastewater treatment plants utilize microorganisms for wastewater treatment so that microbiological characterization of processes is very important. In addition, the removal of these microorganisms in the effluent for their reuse is important. This study aims to characterize the presence of microbial flora and chemical pollutants along the processes in Wastewater Treatment Plant (WTP) at Zagazig City. The removal efficiency of total bacterial counts was approximately 20-74% during all the periods of study from April 2011 up to January 2012. However, the average total Enterobacteriaceae count in the wastewater samples reduced in all the periods by 85% except in June and December 2011in which the reduction was varied between 29-37%. The results show a high level of coliforms, Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Shigella in the raw wastewater; although their total removal is not achieved (the removal efficiency was 11 to 83 %). Candida spp., which is a yeast indicator, although it is less usual than E. coli, is detected in raw wastewater as well as in treated wastewater. The maximum total yeasts and Candida counts in the wastewater samples were reduced by 64.29 and 95.24 %, respectively in August and October 2011. There was no difference in the physicochemical properties found in the treated wastewater during all the periods of the study in WTP. The maximum removal efficiency of biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved solids (TDS), nitrate, sulphate and oil in the treated wastewater samples was 91.

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“…To achieve this goal DWD established standards for the 48 most common substances -parameters, which can be found in potable water. These microbiological and chemical substances must be examined in drinking water regularly (Hecq et al, 2006).…”

Section: "Monitoring Programmes Are Required To Establish a Coherent mentioning

confidence: 99%