Drinking Water Systems, Hydrology, and Childhood Gastrointestinal Illness in Central and Northern Wisconsin

Uejio, Christopher K.; Yale, Steven H.; Malecki, Kristen; Borchardt, Mark A.; Anderson, Henry A.; Patz, Jonathan A.

doi:10.2105/ajph.2013.301659

Cited by 34 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…In the Milwaukee area, Drayna et al (2010) found that four days following rainfall of any amount, the number of children visiting a children's hospital emergency department for AGI treatment increased by 11%. Other studies have similarly linked heavy precipitation events with elevated AGI rates in Wisconsin (Uejio et al, 2014) and elsewhere (Curriero et al, 2001;Thomas et al, 2006). Recent downscaled climate models for the Milwaukee area predict that precipitation intensity and heavy precipitation events will increase to the point where daily rainfall depths of 7.6 and 10.2 cm occur twice as frequently by the mid 21st century as in the past (Vavrus and Behnke, 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Human and bovine viruses in the Milwaukee River watershed: Hydrologically relevant representation and relations with environmental variables

Corsi

Borchardt

Spencer

et al. 2014

Science of The Total Environment

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To examine the occurrence, hydrologic variability, and seasonal variability of human and bovine viruses in surface water, three stream locations were monitored in the Milwaukee River watershed in Wisconsin, USA, from February 2007 through June 2008. Monitoring sites included an urban subwatershed, a rural subwatershed, and the Milwaukee River at the mouth. To collect samples that characterize variability throughout changing hydrologic periods, a process control system was developed for unattended, large-volume (56-2800 L) filtration over extended durations. This system provided flow-weighted mean concentrations during runoff and extended (24-h) low-flow periods. Human viruses and bovine viruses were detected by real-time qPCR in 49% and 41% of samples (n=63), respectively. All human viruses analyzed were detected at least once including adenovirus (40% of samples), GI norovirus (10%), enterovirus (8%), rotavirus (6%), GII norovirus (1.6%) and hepatitis A virus (1.6%). Three of seven bovine viruses analyzed were detected including bovine polyomavirus (32%), bovine rotavirus (19%), and bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 (5%). Human viruses were present in 63% of runoff samples resulting from precipitation and snowmelt, and 20% of low-flow samples. Maximum human virus concentrations exceeded 300 genomic copies/L. Bovine viruses were present in 46% of runoff samples resulting from precipitation and snowmelt and 14% of low-flow samples. The maximum bovine virus concentration was 11 genomic copies/L. Statistical modeling indicated that stream flow, precipitation, and season explained the variability of human viruses in the watershed, and hydrologic condition (runoff event or low-flow) and season explained the variability of the sum of human and bovine viruses; however, no model was identified that could explain the variability of bovine viruses alone. Understanding the factors that affect virus fate and transport in rivers will aid watershed management for minimizing human exposure and disease transmission.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Human and bovine viruses in the Milwaukee River watershed: Hydrologically relevant representation and relations with environmental variables

Corsi

Borchardt

Spencer

et al. 2014

Science of The Total Environment

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“…74 Childhood gastrointestinal illness in the United States 82 and India 83 have been linked to heavy rainfall. In the Netherlands, a 33% increase in gastrointestinal illness was associated with sewage overflow following heavy rain.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate Change

Patz

Frumkin

Holloway

et al. 2014

JAMA

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412

152

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IMPORTANCE Health is inextricably linked to climate change. It is important for clinicians to understand this relationship in order to discuss associated health risks with their patients and to inform public policy. OBJECTIVES To provide new US-based temperature projections from downscaled climate modeling and to review recent studies on health risks related to climate change and the cobenefits of efforts to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. DATA SOURCES, STUDY SELECTION, AND DATA SYNTHESIS We searched PubMed and Google Scholar from 2009 to 2014 for articles related to climate change and health, focused on governmental reports, predictive models, and empirical epidemiological studies. Of the more than 250 abstracts reviewed, 56 articles were selected. In addition, we analyzed climate data averaged over 13 climate models and based future projections on downscaled probability distributions of the daily maximum temperature for 2046–2065. We also compared maximum daily 8-hour average ozone with air temperature data taken from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climate Data Center. RESULTS By 2050, many US cities may experience more frequent extreme heat days. For example, New York and Milwaukee may have 3 times their current average number of days hotter than 32°C (90°F). High temperatures are also strongly associated with ozone exceedance days, for example, in Chicago, Illinois. The adverse health aspects related to climate change may include heat-related disorders, such as heat stress and economic consequences of reduced work capacity; respiratory disorders, including those exacerbated by air pollution and aeroallergens, such as asthma; infectious diseases, including vectorborne diseases and waterborne diseases, such as childhood gastrointestinal diseases; food insecurity, including reduced crop yields and an increase in plant diseases; and mental health disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder and depression, that are associated with natural disasters. Substantial health and economic cobenefits could be associated with reductions in fossil fuel combustion. For example, greenhouse gas emission policies may yield net economic benefit, with health benefits from air quality improvements potentially offsetting the cost of US and international carbon policies. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Evidence over the past 20 years indicates that climate change can be associated with adverse health outcomes. Health care professionals have an important role in understanding and communicating the related potential health concerns and the cobenefits from policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

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“…Moreover, low ionic strength water, as is characteristic of precipitation, can desorb viruses that had been attached to sediment grains (Hunt and Johnson 2016). Bradbury et al (2013) also demonstrated a strong association between precipitation events and increased virus detection rates, and heavy precipitation rates have been associated with increased incidence of acute gastrointestinal illness (Uejio et al 2014).…”

Section: Groundwater Flow Systems Influences On Virus Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virus occurrence in private and public wells in a fractured dolostone aquifer in Canada

et al. 2017

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Groundwater samples from 22 wells completed in a regional fractured dolostone aquifer in the Guelph region of southern Ontario, Canada, were collected over an 8-month period and analyzed for viruses and Campylobacter jejuni. Only 8% of the 118 samples exhibited viruses at extremely low concentrations, but of the 22 wells sampled, 10 (45%) were positive for human enteric viruses (polyomavirus, adenovirus A, and GII norovirus) including 5 of the 8 public supply wells (62.5%) and 5 of the 11 private wells (45%). Each virus-positive well had only one virus occurrence with six sampling events during the 8-month sampling campaign and only one virus type was detected in each well. The probability of virus detection was positively associated with well open-interval length. Virus concentration (in the wells that were virus-positive) was negatively associated with well depth and open-interval length and positively associated with overburden thickness (i.e., the thickness of unconsolidated materials overlying bedrock facies) and the amount of precipitation 8-14 and 15-21 days prior to the sampling date. The ephemeral nature of the virus detections and the low detection rate on a per sample basis were consistent with previous studies. The percentage of virus-positive wells, however, was much higher than previous studies, but consistent with the fact that the hydrogeologic conditions of fractured bedrock aquifers create wide capture zones and short groundwater travel times to wells making them more vulnerable to contamination occurrence but at very low concentrations.

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Drinking Water Systems, Hydrology, and Childhood Gastrointestinal Illness in Central and Northern Wisconsin

Cited by 34 publications

References 48 publications

Human and bovine viruses in the Milwaukee River watershed: Hydrologically relevant representation and relations with environmental variables

Human and bovine viruses in the Milwaukee River watershed: Hydrologically relevant representation and relations with environmental variables

Climate Change

Virus occurrence in private and public wells in a fractured dolostone aquifer in Canada

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