Drinking water temperature affects consumption of water during cold weather in ponies

Kristula, Michaela; McDonnell, Sue M.

doi:10.1016/0168-1591(94)90020-5

Cited by 26 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Furthermore, greater metabolic rates of the animals in summer would have produced increased quantities of metabolic water. Although animals had free access to water, we observed lower TWI in our ponies (January: 50.1 mL•kg -1 •d -1 ) in winter compared with summer, presumably because of the reduced drinking water intakes as observed by Kristula and McDonnell (1994). In a study with Welsh pony mares, drinking water consumption approached 0 with T a below 10°C (Crowell-Davis et al, 1985).…”

Section: Total Water Intakementioning

confidence: 47%

“…Water is an essential nutrient necessary to support life. The water demand of an animal is influenced by various factors, such as species, body mass, breed, feeding regimen, and physical activity (Crowell-Davis et al, 1985;Cymbaluk, 1990;Kristula and McDonnell, 1994;Scheibe et al, 1998;Hoffmann et al, 2009) and may change considerably under outdoor conditions because food composition, ambient temperature (T a ), and solar radiation vary remarkably with seasons.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Seasonal changes of total body water and water intake in Shetland ponies measured by an isotope dilution technique1

Brinkmann

Gerken

Riek

2013

Journal of Animal Science

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Water is an essential nutrient necessary to support life, and adequate water supply is crucial for animal survival and productivity. The present study was designed to determine seasonal changes in the water metabolism of horses under outdoor conditions. Total body water (TBW) and total water intake (TWI) of 10 adult Shetland pony mares were estimated at monthly intervals for 14 mo by using the deuterium dilution technique. During the last 4 mo, 5 ponies were fed restrictively to simulate natural feed shortage in winter, and 5 ponies served as controls. The TBW (kg) was closely related to body mass [TBW (kg) = -2.86 + 0.67 × body mass (kg); P < 0.001; n = 105] explaining 86% of the variation. In contrast to TBW (kg), TBW (%) remained relatively stable across all measurements (57.8 to 71.2%). The TWI showed an increase in summer and a decrease in winter [TWI (mL·kg(-1)·d(-1)) = 15.07 + 23.69 × month - 1.45 × month(2) (R(2) = 0.64, P < 0.01)]. However, TWI measured at ambient temperatures (Ta) < 0°C did not follow the same trend as TWI at Ta > 0°C. Therefore, removing TWI values measured at Ta < 0°C from the analysis resulted in high correlations with locomotor activity (r = 0.87), Ta (r = 0.86), and resting heart rate (r = 0.88). The multiple regression among TWI, Ta, and heart rate explained 84% of the variation in TWI [TWI (mL·kg(-1)·d(-1)) = -13.38 + 1.77 × heart rate (beats/min) + 2.11 × Ta (°C); P < 0.001]. Feed restriction had no effect on TWI and TBW. The TBW content was unaffected by season and physical activity. The established regression equation for TBW and body mass can be used to predict TBW from body mass in ponies under field conditions. The comparison of TWI with published data on drinking water intake revealed that ponies had 1.7 to 5.1 times greater total water intakes when other sources of water such as feed and metabolic water were included. The TWI was highly influenced by environmental conditions and metabolic rate. Contrary to expectation, water supply during the cold seasons might be more critical than under summer conditions when water content of grass is high to allow for the compensation of limited availability of drinking water.

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Section: Total Water Intakementioning

confidence: 47%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal changes of total body water and water intake in Shetland ponies measured by an isotope dilution technique1

Brinkmann

Gerken

Riek

2013

Journal of Animal Science

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“…Furthermore, the animals' increased MR in summer will have produced greater amounts of metabolic water. The lower observed TWI in our ponies in winter compared with summer is presumably due to the fact that drinking water intake tends towards zero with decreasing T a in horses (Kristula and McDonnell, 1994;Crowell-Davis et al, 1985). The lower TWI in food-restricted animals in winter compared with ad libitum-fed animals is probably also a result of the differences in dry matter intake in the two groups (TG: 1 kg versus CG: 2.4 kg dry matter).…”

Section: Research Articlementioning

confidence: 66%

Saving energy during hard times: Energetic adaptations of Shetland pony mares

Brinkmann

Gerken

Hambly

et al. 2014

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Recent results suggest that wild Northern herbivores reduce their metabolism during times of low ambient temperature and food shortage in order to reduce their energetic needs. It is, however, not known whether domesticated animals are also able to reduce their energy expenditure. We exposed 10 Shetland pony mares to different environmental conditions (summer and winter) and to two food quantities (60% and 100% of maintenance energy requirement) during low winter temperatures to examine energetic and behavioural responses. In summer, ponies showed a considerably higher field metabolic rate (FMR; 63.4±15.0 MJ day −1 ) compared with foodrestricted and control animals in winter (24.6±7.8 and 15.0±1.1 MJ day −1 , respectively). During summer, locomotor activity, resting heart rate and total water turnover were considerably elevated (P<0.001) compared with winter. Animals on a restricted diet (N=5) compensated for the decreased energy supply by reducing their FMR by 26% compared with control animals (N=5). Furthermore, resting heart rate, body mass and body condition score were lower (29.2±2.7 beats min −1 , 140±22 kg and 3.0±1.0 points, respectively) than in control animals (36.8±41 beats min −1 , 165±31 kg, 4.4±0.7 points; P<0.05). While the observed behaviour did not change, nocturnal hypothermia was elevated. We conclude that ponies acclimatize to different climatic conditions by changing their metabolic rate, behaviour and some physiological parameters. When exposed to energy challenges, ponies, like wild herbivores, exhibited hypometabolism and nocturnal hypothermia.

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“…Cymbaluk (1990) found that urine output was directly related to their water intake and that free water intake was related to ambient temperature as cold‐housed colts drank less water and produced less urine than their warm‐housed counterparts. Additionally, horses housed in a cold environment drink less near‐freezing water than hot or heated water (Kristula & McDonnell, 1994). While water consumption was not recorded, these conditions likely led to less water consumed, and subsequently less urine produced, than if conditions were warmer.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Furosemide administration results in a transient alteration in calcium balance in mature horses

Pritchard

Nielsen

Robison

et al. 2020

Animal Physiology Nutrition

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Previous research documented that furosemide negatively impacted calcium balance for 3 days but did not determine when calcium balance returned to baseline. This study hypothesized that furosemide's impact on calcium would return to control values before 7 days post‐administration. Ten mature geldings were assigned to either control (CON, n = 5) or treatment (FUR, n = 5) for the first of two 8‐day total collections in crossover design. Treatment horses received one administration of furosemide (1 mg/kg, IV). A 10% sample of pooled faeces and urine from each day was kept. Calcium concentrations in hay, faeces and urine were determined by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Data were analysed using mixed‐model‐repeated measures ANOVA to determine influence of day and treatment. For urine output, FUR urinated twice as much during the 24 hr after administration than CON (p < .001). Horses in FUR excreted more urinary calcium 24‐hr post‐administration as compared to CON (9.3 ± 1.0 and 4.2 ± 1.0 g, respectively; p < .001). Calcium balance in FUR was more negative on day 1 than day 3 (p < .05). Faecal calcium concentrations remained the same from day 1 to day 7 in CON (6.3 ± 1.3 and 5.5 ± 1.3 g/kg, respectively; p > .10) but were lower in FUR on day 7 as compared to day 1 (4.8 ± 1.3 and 7.3 ± 1.3 g/kg, respectively; p < .001), indicating a potential mechanism to restore calcium balance. These findings corroborate previous studies on furosemide and calcium balance and provide evidence for a possible mechanism to recover net calcium losses after furosemide administration. Since calcium balance returns to baseline in 3 days and previous results have examined frequent, long‐term use, furosemide may not negatively impact bone mineral content even if used over long periods.

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Drinking water temperature affects consumption of water during cold weather in ponies

Cited by 26 publications

References 5 publications

Seasonal changes of total body water and water intake in Shetland ponies measured by an isotope dilution technique1

Seasonal changes of total body water and water intake in Shetland ponies measured by an isotope dilution technique1

Saving energy during hard times: Energetic adaptations of Shetland pony mares

Furosemide administration results in a transient alteration in calcium balance in mature horses

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