DRIS norms for 'Valencia' sweet orange on three rootstocks

Abstract

-Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) applies nutrient ratios instead of the isolated concentration values of each nutrient in interpretation of tissue analysis. The objectives of this research were to establish adequate DRIS norms for 'Valencia' sweet orange irrigated commercial groves budded on three rootstocks and correlate indexes of nutrition balance with yield. Experiments were conducted in São Paulo State, Brazil. Rootstocks Rangpur lime, Caipira sweet orange, and Poncirus trifoliata, with more than six years old and yield above 40 ton ha -1 were utilized. Data referred to yield, tree spacing, rootstock and foliar concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, and B in non fruiting terminals for each grove were processed for the years 1994 through 1998. DRIS indexes were calculated by Nick criterion for choosing the ratio order of the nutrients and Jones calculation method of the ratio functions. Indexes of nutritional balance calculated from DRIS norms presented high correlation with yield for the three scion/rootstock combinations. DRIS norms defined in this research are valid, since leaf sampling is done on non fruiting terminals and the grove is irrigated.Index terms: citrus, foliar diagnosis, nutrient balance, plant nutrition. Normas DRIS para laranjeira 'Valência' sobre três porta-enxertosResumo -O sistema integrado de diagnose e recomendação (DRIS -Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System) utiliza relações entre nutrientes em vez da concentração absoluta e isolada de cada um deles na interpretação da análise de tecidos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estabelecer normas para o método DRIS em pomares comerciais irrigados de laranjeira 'Valência' sobre três porta-enxertos e correlacionar os índices de balanço nutricional com a produtividade. Os experimentos foram conduzidos no Estado de São Paulo, com os porta-enxertos limão 'Cravo', laranja 'Caipira' e Poncirus trifoliata, com mais de seis anos, e produtividade acima de 40 t ha -1 . Dados de produtividade, espaçamento, portaenxerto e teores foliares de N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn e B em ramos não frutíferos, de cada talhão, de 1994 a 1998, foram processados. A escolha da ordem da razão dos nutrientes foi determinada segundo o método Nick, e as funções das razões dos nutrientes foram calculadas de acordo com o método Jones. Os índices de balanço nutricional calculados por meio das normas geradas apresentaram alta correlação com produtividade nas três combinações enxerto/porta-enxerto. As normas DRIS definidas são aplicáveis desde que a amostragem de folhas seja realizada em ramos não frutíferos e os pomares sejam irrigados.Termos para indexação: citro, diagnose foliar, equilíbrio nutricional, nutrição vegetal.

Leaf Analysis in Citrus: Interpretation Tools

“…The working premises of DRIS (Mourão Filho 2004 ) "are based on: (a) the ratios among nutrients are frequently better indicators of nutrient de fi ciencies than isolated concentration values; (b) some nutrient ratios are more important or signi fi cant than others; (c) maximum yields are only reached when important nutrient ratios are near the ideal or optimum values, which are obtained from high yieldingselected populations; (d) as a consequence of the stated in (c), the variance of an important nutrient ratio is smaller in a high yielding (reference population) than in a low yielding population, and" "the relations of signi fi cant nutrient ratios of high and low yielding populations can be used in the selection of signi fi cant nutrient ratios; (e) the DRIS indices can be calculated individually, for each nutrient, using the average nutrient ratio deviation obtained from the comparison with the optimum value of a given nutrient ratio, hence, as pointed by Jones ( 1981 ) and Walworth and Sumner ( 1987 ) , the ideal value of the DRIS index for each nutrient should be zero." The efforts in the past have successfully established the DRIS norms for 'Valencia' orange in USA (Beverly et al 1984 ;Wallace 1990 ) , South Africa (Woods and Villiers 1992 ) , Venezuela (Rodriguez et al 1997 ) , Brazil (Mourão Filho andAzevedo 2003 ) ; 'Verna' lemon in Spain (Cerda et al 1995 ) ; 'Sicilian' lemon in Italy (Creste 1996 ) and 'Pera' sweet orange in Brazil (Creste and Grassi Filho 1998 ) ; acid lime (Varalakshmi and Bhargava 1998 ) , 'Kinnow' mandarin (Hundal and Arora 2001 ) , 'Nagpur' mandarin, 'Khasi' mandarin, and 'Mosambi' sweet orange in India (Srivastava et al 2001 ;Singh 2003c, 2006 ) . Almost any conclusion can be drawn from the earlier attempts on the development of leaf nutrient diagnostics in countries like Argentina (Perez 1996 ) , Australia (Jorgensen and Price 1978 ) , Brazil (Quaggio et al 1998 ) , China (Koto et al 1990 ) , France (Marchal et al 1978 ) , India (Chahill et al 1991 ;Srivastava et al 1999 ;Srivastava and Singh 2002 ) , Italy (Dettori et al 1996 ) , Japan (Terblanche and Du Plessis 1992 ) , Turkey...…”

“…This author obtained superior results with the DRIS compared to SRA, for detecting yield limitation by nutrient de fi ciency. Mourão Filho and Azevedo ( 2003 ) established DRIS norms for the 'Valencia' sweet orange budded on Rangpur lime, 'Caipira' sweet orange, and Poncirus trifoliata rootstocks. The nutritional balance and indexes calculated by the derived norms were highly correlated with yield for the rootstock/scion combinations, from what it was inferred that DRIS norms might be applicable always that leaf sampling is collected from nonbearing fruit branches of irrigated-plant groves.…”

“…The fruit yield decreased substantially by increasing the sum of indexes ( r = −0.729, p = 0.01) irrespective of their sign indicating that higher fruit yield is not necessarily obtained with large sum of indexes. Applying nutrient ratios instead of the isolated concentration values of each nutrient in the interpretation of leaf analysis, Mourão Filho and Azevedo ( 2003 ) reported a high correlation between the DRIS-based nutritional balance and fruit yield of 'Valencia' sweet orange orchards of São Paulo, Brazil.…”

Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) to Assess the Nutritional State of Plants

“…This NBI may be useful to indicate the nutritional status of the plant. The higher the NBI, the greater the nutritional imbalance (Beaufils, 1973;Mourão Filho, 2003). The average NBI generates NBIa (Nutritional Balance Index average), according to the formula below:…”

“…The tissue analyses has been considered the direct way to evaluation the nutritional state of plants, but, to do this evaluate it is necessary a well specific part from the plant to take this diagnose, this specific part is the leaf tissue that is the most used (Malavolta, 2006;Mourão Filho, 2003;Hallmark & Beverly, 1991;Beaufils, 1973).…”