Driver Distraction and Reliance: Adaptive Cruise Control in the Context of Sensor Reliability and Algorithm Limits

Seppelt, Bobbie; Lees, Monica N.; Lee, John D.

doi:10.17077/drivingassessment.1168

Cited by 11 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Nevertheless, potential safety benefits of systems such as the ACC that address speed and distance keeping are relevant. Rear-end collisions represent approximately 30% of the total crashes in United States and unsafe following distance is one of the primary causation factors [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Independently of whether it has positive effects on safety, the ACC is a safety-related system that with its ability to command both acceleration and brake requests can cause hazardous situations [4], [5], [1], [6], [7], [3], [8], [9]. This was demonstrated in [4] where it was found that drivers had problems coping with a functional limitation preventing the ACC from considering vehicles in a stationary cue.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The subjects were informed about the limitations of the ACC but anyway failed to recognize that the situation required them to take over. Another study also investigated functional limitations of an ACC in a driving simulator but instead focused on deceleration limits and degraded sensor reliability caused by rain [3]. A deceleration limit that prevents harsh braking is another typical functional limitation of the ACC.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Driver performance in the presence of adaptive cruise control related failures: Implications for safety analysis and fault tolerance

Nilsson

Strand

Falcone

et al. 2013

2013 43rd Annual IEEE/IFIP Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks Workshop (DSN-W)

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This study explored how failures related to an adaptive cruise control (ACC) were handled by drivers and what the effects on safety can be. The experimental study included forty-eight subjects and was performed in a moving base driving simulator equipped with an ACC. Each subject experienced two different failures in separate scenarios. In total, the study included four different failures, i.e., Unwanted acceleration, Complete lack of deceleration, Partial lack of deceleration, and Speed limit violation. The outcome of each failure scenario has been categorized based on whether the driver managed to avoid a collision or not. For the outcomes where collisions were successfully avoided, the situations were analyzed in more detail and classified according to the strategy used by the driver. Besides showing that partial lack of deceleration caused more collisions than complete lack of deceleration (43% compared to 14% of the participants colliding), the results also indicate a preference among drivers to steer and change lane rather than to apply the brakes when faced with acceleration and deceleration failures. A trade off relationship was identified between allowing a failing ACC to stay operational and on the other hand disabling it when an error is detected. Keeping the system operational can cause confusion about the mode of the system but as the results of the study indicate it can also improve the situation by reducing impact speed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Driver performance in the presence of adaptive cruise control related failures: Implications for safety analysis and fault tolerance

Nilsson

Strand

Falcone

et al. 2013

2013 43rd Annual IEEE/IFIP Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks Workshop (DSN-W)

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show abstract

“…Whether or not drivers can respond effectively when automation fails depends on their understanding of the type of failure that occurs and the context in which it occurs (Lee and See, 2004). In Seppelt et al (2005a), two failure types were introduced within specific driving contexts to determine their effect on ACC reliance. In conditions of rain, the signal continuity of the ACC sensors was degraded, and in conditions of heavy traffic, the braking limits of the ACC system were exceeded.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Making adaptive cruise control (ACC) limits visible

Seppelt

Lee

2007

International Journal of Human-Computer Studies

202

104

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Previous studies have shown adaptive cruise control (ACC) can compromise driving safety when drivers do not understand how the ACC functions, suggesting that drivers need to be informed about the capabilities of this technology. This study applies ecological interface design (EID) to create a visual representation of ACC behavior, which is intended to promote appropriate reliance and support effective transitions between manual and ACC control. The EID display reveals the behavior of ACC in terms of time headway (THW), time to collision (TTC), and range rate. This graphical representation uses emergent features that signal the state of the ACC. Two failure modes-exceedance of braking algorithm limits and sensor failures-were introduced in the driving contexts of traffic and rain, respectively. A medium-fidelity driving simulator was used to evaluate the effect of automation (manual, ACC control), and display (EID, no display) on ACC reliance, brake response, and driver intervention strategies. Drivers in traffic conditions relied more appropriately on ACC when the EID display was present than when it was not, proactively disengaging the ACC. The EID display promoted faster and more consistent braking responses when braking algorithm limits were exceeded, resulting in safe following distances and no collisions. In manual control, the EID display aided THW maintenance in both rain and traffic conditions, reducing the demands of driving and promoting more consistent and less variable car-following performance. These results suggest that providing drivers with continuous information about the state of the automation is a promising alternative to the more common approach of providing imminent crash warnings when it fails. Informing drivers may be more effective than warning drivers. r

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“…Some studies found that the type of functional limitation [17] and drivers' experience of using the automated driving system [18,19] have an effect on the outcome of the takeover, whereas drivers' trust in the automation has been found to not influence the driver's behavior during the takeover [19,20]. Further studies have shown that drivers' ability to take over when a transition to manual control is required can be improved by providing information about the limits and reliability of the automation [21,22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Switched Cooperative Driving Model towards Human Vehicle Copiloting Situation: A Cyberphysical Perspective

Sun

Zhao

et al. 2018

Journal of Advanced Transportation

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Development of highly automated and intelligent vehicles can lead to the reduction of driver workload. However, it also causes the out-of-the-loop problem to drivers, which leaves drivers handicapped in their ability to take over manual operations in emergency situations. This contribution puts forth a new switched driving strategy to avoid some of the negative consequences associated with out-of-the-loop performance by having drivers assume manual control at periodic intervals. To minimize the impact of the transitions between automated and manual driving on traffic operations, a switched cooperative driving model towards human vehicle copiloting situation is proposed by considering the vehicle dynamics and the realistic intervehicle communication in a cyberphysical view. The design method of the switching signal for the switched cooperative driving model is given based on the Lyapunov stability theory with the comprehensive consideration of platoon stability and human factors. The good agreement between simulation results and theoretical analysis illustrates the effectiveness of the proposed methods.

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Driver Distraction and Reliance: Adaptive Cruise Control in the Context of Sensor Reliability and Algorithm Limits

Cited by 11 publications

References 8 publications

Driver performance in the presence of adaptive cruise control related failures: Implications for safety analysis and fault tolerance

Driver performance in the presence of adaptive cruise control related failures: Implications for safety analysis and fault tolerance

Making adaptive cruise control (ACC) limits visible

Switched Cooperative Driving Model towards Human Vehicle Copiloting Situation: A Cyberphysical Perspective

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