Drivers and constraints of on-farm diversity. A review

Abstract

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Drivers of Livelihood Strategies: Evidence from Mexico’s Indigenous Rural Households

“…To analyze livelihood strategies, family labor should be considered together with the sociodemographic characteristics (health, schooling, and training) of working-age household members [40,55]. For example, Tacconi et al [21] and Härtl et al [56] argue that rural households with livelihoods highly linked to nature are normally more intensive in family labor in their production processes. According to Bhandari [41], De Janvry and Sadoulet [30], and Choithani et al [17], there is a strong link between years of schooling and household participation in non-farming livelihood strategies.…”

“…Rural Indigenous households are highly exposed to local vulnerability and economic shocks that can deeply impact their everyday life, including events ranging from longterm disturbances (family accidents or loss of assets) to food insecurity due to climate change [9,55]. Climate-related events can cause considerable damage to food security and dramatically reduce household income when households are dependent on climate [21,58]. Scholars agree that community development (mainly identified through access to wellmaintained roads) can result in higher returns on family capital.…”

“…Nevertheless, our results contrast with authors such as Lay et al [62], who pointed out that the additional impact of education is limited when related to seizing opportunities in marginalized locations. In contrast, recent research indicates that there is not sufficiently clear evidence of the correlation between the availability of working-age labor and livelihoods, because while more working-age labor helps to diversify livelihoods, it is also true that the households require greater crop production for their food [21,56].…”

“…Several empirical studies have examined the determinants of sustainable livelihoods in households around the world [16][17][18][19][20][21]. Some research analyzes metadata from various countries [20,21], while another set of projects has carried out case studies [22][23][24].…”

“…Several empirical studies have examined the determinants of sustainable livelihoods in households around the world [16][17][18][19][20][21]. Some research analyzes metadata from various countries [20,21], while another set of projects has carried out case studies [22][23][24]. Recent literature about the topic suggests that the livelihoods of rural households in low-and middle-income countries are closely linked to the environment and nature [8,20].…”