Drivers, barriers and success factors of academic spin-offs: a systematic literature review

Hossinger, Stefan; Chen, Xiangyu; Werner, Arndt

doi:10.1007/s11301-019-00161-w

Cited by 73 publications

(95 citation statements)

References 199 publications

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“…Technology transfer offices at universities should ensure that incentives and mechanisms for academic entrepreneurship follow a life-cycle approach, i.e., the design of incentives should account for the specifics of different life-cycle stages (including academic assets and academic field). The latter is in line with Perkmann et al [2] and Hossinger et al [11], who concluded that policies and incentives should be tailored to support academic workers' entrepreneurial activities.…”

Section: Practical Implicationssupporting

confidence: 82%

“…This study focuses on company creation, as the most explicit and essential way of monetizing academic knowledge [5,[7][8][9][10]. However, the extant literature indicates that although firm creation as a form of academic entrepreneurship is becoming a mature topic [11], it is still understudied [12,13], and less exploited than the potential alternatives [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Perkmann et al [2] concluded that individual life-cycle effects in academic engagement need further investigation, as the evidence is still inconclusive. Moreover, a longitudinal analysis should be conducted, as the profiles of academic workers evolve over time [10,11]. Relying on the latter, the commercialization engagement of academics could be enhanced by accounting for the specific phase of their academic career and other individual characteristics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Academic Assets, Life-Cycle, and Entrepreneurship: A Longitudinal Study of Estonian Academic Workers

Mõttus

Lukason

2021

Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity

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This study aimed to find out how academic assets are interconnected with firm creation by academic staff at different academic life-cycle stages. The applied theoretical setting integrated resource-based and life-cycle explanations of academic entrepreneurship. A longitudinal whole population dataset of Estonian academic workers was applied, with a dependent variable reflecting firm creation, and independent variables representing different academic assets. The logistic regression results indicated the varying importance of different academic assets at different academic career stages, while divergence also exists with respect to academic discipline. The results enable postulating several theoretical propositions, accompanied by practical implications for technology transfer at universities.

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Section: Practical Implicationssupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Academic Assets, Life-Cycle, and Entrepreneurship: A Longitudinal Study of Estonian Academic Workers

Mõttus

Lukason

2021

Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity

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“…The concept of entrepreneurial intention is widely used to investigate the earlier stages of academic entrepreneurship (Goethner et al, 2012 ; Hossinger et al, 2020 ; Miranda et al, 2018 ; Obschonka et al, 2015 ). Entrepreneurial decision-making is understood as a form of career choice, made in a unique organizational context, based on individual, socio-cognitive, and environmental characteristics (D’este & Perkmann, 2011 ; Lam & Campos, 2015 ; Lam, 2015 ; Rizzo, 2015 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Should I Stay, or Should I Go? Job satisfaction as a moderating factor between outcome expectations and entrepreneurial intention among academics

2021

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Both psychological and entrepreneurship research have highlighted the pivotal role of job satisfaction in the process of entrepreneurial career decisions. In support of this, mounting evidence point to inter-relationships between entrepreneurial intention, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment. Prior research operationalized entrepreneurial careers as an escape from poor work environments; thus, there is a lack of understanding regarding how job-satisfaction can trigger entrepreneurship within and related to the environment of universities. This study, draws on Social Cognitive Career Theory and the concept of entrepreneurial intention, to address whether the role of job satisfaction is a moderating factor between outcome expectations and entrepreneurial intention. Furthermore, we examine to what extent (I) entrepreneurial intention and (II) spin-off intention are determined by certain outcome expectations and perceived behavioral control. To address these questions this study examined academic researchers in specialized and non-technical fields and builds on a survey of 593 academic researchers at Swiss Universities of Applied Science. The results showed that outcome expectations are a significant predictor for entrepreneurial intentions, in general, and spin-off intentions, in particular. A multi-group analysis corroborated that job satisfaction operates as a motivational factor in entrepreneurial transition and interactions with entrepreneurial outcome expectations. In conclusion, the concept of job satisfaction and Social Cognitive Career Theory were powerful constructs to better the understand the process of entrepreneurial career decisions by academic researchers.

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“…Research have shown that individual factors carried significantly higher explanatory power in relation to the entrepreneurial behaviour of academics. (Hossinger et al, 2020).…”

Section: Product Noveltymentioning

confidence: 99%

Escaping the Middle Innovation Trap: Case Studies of Two Successful Spin-off Companies from a Malaysian Research University

Shamsir

Jamil

2019

JRMG

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The concept of the "middle innovation trap" has been proposed as a phenomenon of a "failed transformation from implementation based to concept design based capability" (Lee et al., 2019). Over the past two decades, many countries have been caught in the middle income traps. The same phenomenon can possibly be observed in institutions of higher learning, especially government-funded institutions that are a microcosm of the country as their development and wellbeing are intricately linked to the country's finances. Institutions are often well funded with significant capital expenditure during their inception, enabling them to possess the latest technologies with good teaching and research capabilities which in turn could stagnant and degrade if the government switches to fund other inception projects. Hence, these institutions are left to fend on their own, creating a technological and innovation trap that is insurmountable without repeated investment effort to bridge the gap created by rapidly advancing technologies or narrowing of the long tail of scientific research. In this study, two cases from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) are described; robotics and skin-care innovation that has been successfully commercialised, hence "escaped" the middle innovation trap. In both cases, the commercialised innovation was very dependent on self-driven extraordinary inventors who developed extensive industrial insights acquired by additional training not accessible to their peers. Their products are not novel and utilise existing technologies that are shaped into commercially available products or services. Although UTM technology transfer office is known for its support and flexibility towards academics pursuing commercialisation, the role of the extraordinary individuals who possess exceptional drive is the key factor in escaping the trap. In conclusion, escaping from the middle innovation trap would only be successful by providing significant and continuous support to the correct type of academic staff.

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Drivers, barriers and success factors of academic spin-offs: a systematic literature review

Cited by 73 publications

References 199 publications

Academic Assets, Life-Cycle, and Entrepreneurship: A Longitudinal Study of Estonian Academic Workers

Academic Assets, Life-Cycle, and Entrepreneurship: A Longitudinal Study of Estonian Academic Workers

Should I Stay, or Should I Go? Job satisfaction as a moderating factor between outcome expectations and entrepreneurial intention among academics

Escaping the Middle Innovation Trap: Case Studies of Two Successful Spin-off Companies from a Malaysian Research University

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