Drivers of carbon emissions in Turkey: considering asymmetric impacts

The symmetrical and asymmetrical effects of foreign direct investment and financial development on carbon emission: evidence from Nigeria

“…Another study by Ibrahiem [47] established a significant impact of technological innovation and financial sector development on Egypt's carbon emissions. Meanwhile, similar study by Karasoy [53] in Turkey found an insignificant short-run and long-run asymmetric effect of financial development on carbon emissions. However, Geok (2020) concluded in his study that the impact of financial development on carbon emissions varies based on the econometric techniques employed by studies, countries, or region and the time covered in the study.…”

Oil price, energy consumption and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions: insight into sustainability challenges in Venezuela

“…2 to implement the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis augmented by oil price, energy consumption, government consumption expenditure, and trade openness. The EKC hypothesis suggests that an inverted u-shaped relationship exists between economic growth and environmental pollution, with economic growth causing increase in environmental pollution at the initial stages of development and after a turning point level of income, economic growth generates improvement in environmental quality (see Grossman and Krueger 1991;Shahbaz et al 2017;Cetin et al 2018;Karasoy 2019). The autoregressive distributed lag testing approach to cointegration (ARDL-bounds) of Pesaran et al (2001) is employed to examine the log-linear models.…”

Taking Venezuela back to the sustainability path: The role of financial development and economic integration in low‐carbon transition

“…• GDP t is the gross domestic product per capita (2010 constant US dollars) in year t. The square of real GDP per capital (GDPsq t ) is included in line with the predictions of the EKC hypothesis (Cetin, Ecevit, & Yucel, 2018;Karasoy, 2019;Shahzad, Kumar, Zakaria, & Hurr, 2017). Based on the predictions of the EKC hypothesis, the signs of θ 2 and θ 3 will be significantly positive and negative respectively to suggest an inverted U-shaped relationship between economic growth and environmental pollution.…”