Drivers of Dissolved Organic Carbon Mobilization From Forested Headwater Catchments: A Multi Scaled Approach

Abstract

Understanding and predicting catchment responses to a regional disturbance is difficult because catchments are spatially heterogeneous systems that exhibit unique moderating characteristics. Changes in precipitation composition in the Northeastern U.S. is one prominent example, where reduction in wet and dry deposition is hypothesized to have caused increased dissolved organic carbon (DOC) export from many northern hemisphere forested catchments; however, findings from different locations contradict each other. Using shifts in acid deposition as a test case, we illustrate an iterative “process and pattern” approach to investigate the role of catchment characteristics in modulating the steam DOC response. We use a novel dataset that integrates regional and catchment-scale atmospheric deposition data, catchment characteristics and co-located stream Q and stream chemistry data. We use these data to investigate opportunities and limitations of a pattern-to-process approach where we explore regional patterns of reduced acid deposition, catchment characteristics and stream DOC response and specific soil processes at select locations. For pattern investigation, we quantify long-term trends of flow-adjusted DOC concentrations in stream water, along with wet deposition trends in sulfate, for USGS headwater catchments using Seasonal Kendall tests and then compare trend results to catchment attributes. Our investigation of climatic, topographic, and hydrologic catchment attributes vs. directionality of DOC trends suggests soil depth and catchment connectivity as possible modulating factors for DOC concentrations. This informed our process-to-pattern investigation, in which we experimentally simulated increased and decreased acid deposition on soil cores from catchments of contrasting long-term DOC response [Sleepers River Research Watershed (SRRW) for long-term increases in DOC and the Susquehanna Shale Hills Critical Zone Observatory (SSHCZO) for long-term decreases in DOC]. SRRW soils generally released more DOC than SSHCZO soils and losses into recovery solutions were higher. Scanning electron microscope imaging indicates a significant DOC contribution from destabilizing soil aggregates mostly from hydrologically disconnected landscape positions. Results from this work illustrate the value of an iterative process and pattern approach to understand catchment-scale response to regional disturbance and suggest opportunities for further investigations.

Climate Controls on River Chemistry

“…Salinity and electrical conductance, a collective measure of geogenic solutes (cations and anions), have been observed to rise in many places across the United States (Kaushal et al., 2018). Riverine DOC has observed increasing trend since 1980s in Europe and North America (Monteith et al., 2007), often attributed to factors including changing climate, recovery from acid rain, and modified land uses (Adler et al., 2021). In places without acid rain and human activities, DOC exhibits elevated concentrations in warmer and drier years, indicating strong climatic influence (Zhi et al., 2020).…”

Streams as Mirrors: Reading Subsurface Water Chemistry From Stream Chemistry

“…Acidic atmospheric deposition at W-9 decreased over the several decades when data were collected (Armfield et al, 2019;Shanley et al, 2004). The changing rainfall chemistry in conjunction with complex interactions of critical zone processes (e.g., increased frequency of storm events, breakup of soil aggregates) have been suggested as drivers for increasing stream DOC and a transient legacy of Ca leaching from riparian soils (Adler et al, 2021;Armfield et al, 2019;Cincotta et al, 2019). Hafren also experienced afforestation, deforestation, and acid deposition (Neal et al, 2004(Neal et al, , 2010, possibly elevating alkalinity and DOC at the site.…”

BioRT-Flux-PIHM v1.0: a biogeochemical reactive transport model at the watershed scale

“…1). Complex biogeochemical interactions occur among soil, water, roots, and microbes along water's flow paths, regulating gas effluxes (e.g., CO 2 ) and solute export (Fatichi et al, 2019;van der Velde et al, 2010;Benettin et al, 2020;Adler et al, 2021).…”