Drivers of perceived safety: do they differ in contexts where violence and police saturation feel ‘normal’?

Kochel, Tammy Rinehart; Nouri, Seyvan

doi:10.1080/0735648x.2020.1835693

Cited by 14 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…Especially interesting is that social cohesion and informal social control did not promote safety, since collective efficacy has been one of the most important drivers of safety in high crime neighborhoods (Kochel and Nouri, 2020). We speculate that during the pandemic, social distancing regulations and fear of COVID-19 exposure may have altered the typical association between collective efficacy and neighborhood safety.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Social distancing and fear of exposure during the pandemic have challenged informal social control levers (Borkowska and Laurence, 2021; Kim, 2020). This issue can be acute in disadvantaged neighborhoods where residents are more likely to be impacted by COVID-19 (Tai et al , 2020), and where aspects of collective efficacy are the primary drivers of safety, even more so than experiences with police (Kochel and Nouri, 2020; Reisig and Parks, 2004). Scholars have reported that social cohesion, informal social control and neighborhood engagement exert a significant weight on residents’ feelings of safety and their beliefs about the police (De Donder et al , 2012; Kochel and Gau, 2021; Morenoff et al , 2001; Sampson, 2004).…”

Section: Available Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Community changes and safety during the pandemic Evidence evaluating the impact of COVID-19 on communities is still in infancy, but a growing body of studies has identified potential variables that affect residents' feelings of safety. Kochel and Nouri (2020) demonstrated that the amount of perceived violence diminishes feelings of safety, while social cohesion in high crime contexts and informal social control in low crime contexts enhance safety. Living in high crime neighborhoods corresponds to less safety and negative impressions about the police (Hardiman et al, 2019;Skogan and Maxfield, 1981).…”

Section: Available Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Experiences with crime and police provide the lens through which residents interpret environmental cues about their safety. Available research illustrates that impressions about police visibility, effectiveness, responsiveness and ability to engage with residents impact residents' feelings of safety (Kochel and Gau, 2021;Kochel and Nouri, 2020;Salmi et al, 2004;Skogan, 2006). Lum et al (2020a) and numerous other scholars (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Residents’ perceptions of policing and safety during the COVID-19 pandemic

Nouri

Kochel

2021

PIJPSM

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PurposeThe COVID-19 pandemic has raised unique challenges for police. Reductions in manpower due to officer illness and the need to social distance to suppress spread of the disease restricts the ability of police to fully engage with the public and deliver full services. Changes to policing strategies may affect residents’ feelings of safety and their relationships with police. The purpose of this study is to understand high crime area residents’ experiences with police and safety during the pandemic.Design/methodology/approachThe current study draws on household surveys of residents across three high crime, disadvantaged neighborhoods in St. Louis County, Missouri. We implemented three methods. First, we synthesized qualitative feedback about the impact on safety and policing. Second, Wilcoxon Signed Ranks tests compared pre-pandemic assessments of policing and safety measures to measures collected during the pandemic. Finally, we employed multinomial regression to examine how perceived changes in policing affected residents’ change in safety during the pandemic.FindingsResidents saw police less and engaged with police less during the pandemic. They reported hearing gunshots more often. Reduced police presence in neighborhoods led to mixed effects on safety, largely decreasing residents’ feelings of safety. However, two factors that consistently improved safety were positive encounters with police and police being less involved with minor offenses.Originality/valueThis is the first study that assesses the pandemic impact on residents’ perceptions of safety and police in disadvantaged, high crime contexts.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Available Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Available Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Residents’ perceptions of policing and safety during the COVID-19 pandemic

Nouri

Kochel

2021

PIJPSM

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“…Comparison 1 residents likely hear gunshots that occur in the target area. Even if police data record the location of the confirmed shots fired incident (where the shot originated, based on the location of an injured victim, property damage, eye-witness account, or shell casings) outside of the comparison neighborhood, hearing gunshots from home can affect feelings of safety, whether the incident initiated within the neighborhood or merely nearby (Hemenway et al, 1995; Kochel & Nouri, 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Focused Deterrence on Lived Experiences With Gangs and Gun Violence: Extending Effects Beyond Officially Recorded Crime

Kochel

Nouri

Samadi

2021

Criminal Justice Policy Review

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The study evaluates a geographically based focused deterrence (FD) intervention, extending knowledge about FD impact beyond crime data to also examine residents’ lived experiences with gangs and gun violence via a two-wave household survey. We employ a quasi-experimental design and utilize time-series analyses, coefficient difference tests, and mixed-effects ordinal logistic regression. The results show a significant reduction in shots fired incidents in the target area relative to comparison areas. Shots fired calls for service trended downward citywide, but the magnitude was doubled in the target area. Survey data showed substantive declines in the target area on all six gang and gun violence outcomes, significantly exceeding changes experienced in comparison areas. We conclude that focusing geographically as well as on repeat offenders is an effective FD approach, and evaluating community surveys provides an improved understanding of the community impact.

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Police stops to reduce crime: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Petersen

Weisburd

Fay

et al. 2023

Campbell Systematic Reviews

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Background Police‐initiated pedestrian stops have been one of the most widely used crime prevention tactics in modern policing. Proponents have long considered police stops to be an indispensable component of crime prevention efforts, with many holding them responsible for the significant reductions in violent crime observed across major US cities in recent decades. Critics, however, have taken issue with the overuse of pedestrian stops, linking them to worsening mental and physical health, attitudes toward the police, and elevated delinquent behavior for individuals directly subject to them. To date, there has been no systematic review or meta‐analysis on the effects of these interventions on crime and individual‐level outcomes. Objectives To synthesize the existing evaluation research regarding the impact of police‐initiated pedestrian stops on crime and disorder, mental and physical health, individual attitudes toward the police, self‐reported crime/delinquency, violence in police‐citizen encounters, and police misbehavior. Search Methods We used the Global Policing Database, a repository of all experimental and quasi‐experimental evaluations of policing interventions conducted since 1950, to search for published and unpublished evaluations of pedestrian stop interventions through December of 2019. This overarching search was supplemented by additional searches of academic databases, gray literature sources, and correspondence with subject‐matter experts to capture eligible studies through December 2021. Selection Criteria Eligibility was limited to studies that included a treatment group of people or places experiencing pedestrian stops and a control group of people or places not experiencing pedestrian stops (or experiencing a lower dosage of pedestrian stops). Studies were required to use an experimental or quasi‐experimental design and evaluate the intervention using an outcome of area‐level crime and disorder, mental or physical health, individual or community‐level attitudes toward the police, or self‐reported crime/delinquency. Data Collection and Analysis We adopted standard methodological procedures expected by the Campbell Collaboration. Eligible studies were grouped by conceptually similar outcomes and then analyzed separately using random effects models with restricted maximum likelihood estimation. Treatment effects were represented using relative incident rate ratios, odds ratios, and Hedges' g effect sizes, depending on the unit of analysis and outcome measure. We also conducted sensitivity analyses for several outcome measures using robust variance estimation, with standard errors clustered by each unique study/sample. Risk of bias was assessed using items adapted from the Cochrane randomized and non‐randomized risk of bias tools. Results Our systematic search strategies identified 40 eligible studies corresponding to 58 effect sizes across six outcome groupings, representing 90,904 people and 20,876 places. Police‐initiated pedestrian stop interventions were associated with a statisti...

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Drivers of perceived safety: do they differ in contexts where violence and police saturation feel ‘normal’?

Cited by 14 publications

References 76 publications

Residents’ perceptions of policing and safety during the COVID-19 pandemic

Residents’ perceptions of policing and safety during the COVID-19 pandemic

Impact of Focused Deterrence on Lived Experiences With Gangs and Gun Violence: Extending Effects Beyond Officially Recorded Crime

Police stops to reduce crime: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

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