Driving simulator experiments to study drowsiness: A systematic review

Soares, Sónia; Ferreira, Sara; Couto, António

doi:10.1080/15389588.2019.1706088

Cited by 40 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Traditional drowsiness reduction methods, such as caffeine intake [24] and taking a nap [25], have been reported to achieve better alertness and improve cognitive and behavioral efficiency metrics, as also evidenced by driving simulator findings [26,27]. Light emission from broad spectrum eyepieces induces effective dose-dependent activation when anticipated during night-time [28].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Drowsiness Reduction Strategy Utilizing Visual Stimulation With Different Colors of Light: An fNIRS Study

et al. 2021

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Drowsiness during driving is a severe problem that must be addressed to improve road safety. Numerous counter-measures have been proposed to resolve this issue like adaptive environmental settings (temperature, sound, and light). The objective of this study was to accurately predict the effects of exposure to different colors of light on human drowsiness by using functional near-infrared spectroscopy and other physical measurements (heart rate and eye closure). We targeted two regions of the brain (visual and prefrontal cortices). Twenty-three healthy subjects were investigated to evaluate all variables related to the awakening state, and twenty-one healthy subjects were also examined in the drowsy state evaluation. Eventually, the ten most suitable subjects were exposed to red, green, and blue lights under drowsy conditions, according to the experimental paradigm. Dim light was maintained in the experimental premises before and after colored light exposure to limit the results to those produced only in response to the desired stimuli. Eye closure, heart rate, and changes in oxy and deoxy hemoglobin concentrations were measured to characterize the condition (awake/drowsy) of the subject. A support vector machine classifier was used to identify the classification accuracy of awake and drowsy states. In conclusion, exposure to blue light triggered the activation of oxy hemoglobin in targeted brain regions; however, deoxy hemoglobin was not significantly affected by exposure to any of the colored lights. Noticeably, our study revealed that blue light exposure is more effective at reducing drowsiness than exposure to red and green lights.INDEX TERMS functional near-infrared spectroscopy, colored light exposure, drowsiness, sleep deprivation, heart rate, and eye closure.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Drowsiness Reduction Strategy Utilizing Visual Stimulation With Different Colors of Light: An fNIRS Study

et al. 2021

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“…Sleep deprivation is recognised to significantly increase the risk of road traffic accidents [1,2] and therefore poses a serious public health concern. With drinkdriving legislation present in many countries worldwide, it is still surprising that there are gaps in legislation relating to driving sleep deprived.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of sleep deprivation and alcohol on driving: a comparative study

Lowrie

Brownlow²

2020

BMC Public Health

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Background: There is concern about the detrimental effects of shift-workers' increasing working hours particularly when driving sleep deprived. The approach to measuring the magnitude of driving impairment caused by sleep deprivation was by comparing it to alcohol. The study compared driving performance after 24-h of wakefulness to performance with a BrAC of just over 22 μg/100mls of breath which is equal to 50 mg of alcohol per 100mls of blood (Scottish drink-drive limit). The effectiveness of coffee as a countermeasure for driver fatigue and the association between subjective impairment and actual performance was also investigated.Methods: A study of 30 participants (11 male and 19 female; mean age 21) was conducted. Subjects were tested under three conditions: fully rested, sleep deprived, and alcohol intoxicated -BrAC mean [SD] 25.95 μg [2.78]. Under each condition, subjects were tested before and after coffee ingestion. This involved driving simulation (Lane Change Task and Reaction Test) and subjective Likert scales (Karolinska Sleepiness Scale and driver impairment scale). Outcome measures included lane tracking adaptive mean deviation, reaction time, and subjective sleepiness and impairment ratings. Results: Compared to alcohol, sleep deprived mean reaction times were slower (2.86 s vs. 2.34 s) and lateral control of the vehicle was reduced (lane tracking adaptive mean deviation: 0.5 vs. 0.3). Coffee did not produce an improvement when sleep deprived, and instead, performance deteriorated. Females were less impaired following sleep deprivation than males. Following prolonged wakefulness, the correlation between subjective impairment and actual performance was significant.Conclusions: It was concluded that sleep deprivation has a greater impact on driving performance than a BrAC of 22 μg/100mls of breath, as measured by driving simulation. Coffee is not an effective countermeasure for sleep deprived driving and drivers' ability to judge this impairment is suggested to be limited.

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“…Distance spent out of lane, an indicator of the ability to control the vehicle, has shown to correlate with daytime sleepiness in driving simulator studies. 38 Both lateral vehicle control and daytime All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Real-time assessment of daytime sleepiness in drivers with multiple sclerosis

Devos

Alissa

Lynch

et al. 2021

Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders

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Background: Daytime sleepiness is a common symptom of multiple sclerosis (MS) that may jeopardize safe driving. The aim of this study was to compare daytime sleepiness, recorded in real-time through eyelid tracking, in a simulated drive between individuals with MS (iwMS) and healthy controls. Methods: Fifteen iwMS (age = median (Q1-Q3), 55 (50-55); EDSS = 2.5 (2-3.5); 12 (80%) female) were matched for age, sex, education, and cognitive status with 15 controls. All participants completed self-reported fatigue and sleepiness scales including the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS), Pittsburg Sleep Quality Inventory (PSQI), and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). Percentage of eyelid closure (PERCLOS) was extracted from a remote eye tracker while completing a simulated drive of 25 minutes. Results: Although iwMS reported more symptoms of fatigue (MFIS, p =0.003) and poorer sleep quality (PSQI, p = 0.008), they did not report more daytime sleepiness (ESS, p = 0.45). Likewise, there were no differences between groups in real-time daytime sleepiness, indexed by PERCLOS (p = 0.82). Both groups exhibited more realtime daytime sleepiness as they progressed through the drive (time effect, p< 0.0001). The interaction effect of group*time (p = 0.05) demonstrated exacerbated symptoms of daytime sleepiness towards the end of the drive in iwMS compared to controls. PERCLOS correlated strongly (Spearman ρ = 0.76, p = 0.001) with distance out of lane in iwMS. Conclusion: IwMS show exacerbated symptoms of daytime sleepiness during monotonous, simulate drive. Future studies are warranted to investigate the effect of MS on daytime sleepiness during real-world driving.

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Driving simulator experiments to study drowsiness: A systematic review

Cited by 40 publications

References 26 publications

A Drowsiness Reduction Strategy Utilizing Visual Stimulation With Different Colors of Light: An fNIRS Study

A Drowsiness Reduction Strategy Utilizing Visual Stimulation With Different Colors of Light: An fNIRS Study

The impact of sleep deprivation and alcohol on driving: a comparative study

Real-time assessment of daytime sleepiness in drivers with multiple sclerosis

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