Drop formation from flat tip nozzles in liquid-liquid system

Experimental study on drop formation in liquid–liquid fluidized bed

“…(8), it can be concluded easily that bigger n implies smaller ln d and smaller d. In other words, bigger n represents a more uniform DSD. At low jet flow rate, drop formation is determined mainly by the balances mechanism of major forces (Scheele and Meister, 1968;Chen et al, 2001): inertia, buoyancy, interfacial tension and viscous. The first two terms direct upwards, assisting to drop detachment and formation; the other two terms direct downward, suppressing the process.…”

“…The heat transfer coefficient of multiphase flow in the fluidized bed is affected intensely by the size of the disperse phase (Chen et al, 2001). In the work given by Liang et al (2006) with respect to the new technique for ice slurry generation, the drop size should be no more than 1.0 mm.…”

“…Moreover, they tried to perform an overall force balance on the drop as it detached from the nozzle, starting with the fundamental and pioneering studies (Harkins and Brown, 1919;Christiansen and Hixson, 1957), based on which they also developed an expression for the drop size and presented a correlation for prediction of the transition point from dripping to jetting. Chen et al (2001) carried out experiments by injecting aqueous solutions of NaCl and AlCl 3 into a pool of n-dodecane, in order to achieve a correct estimation of drop size in liquid-liquid drop formation from flat tip nozzles. They have found that the mean deviation of the correlation of Scheele and Meister (1968) can be reduced to a few percents if different characteristic diameters are used in the computation.…”

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“…However, the model of Scheele and Meister did not take into account the wetting effect of the drop liquid with the nozzle. Therefore, when the dispersed phase preferentially wets the nozzle, the correlation of Scheele and Meister usually underestimates the drop size as much as 55 % [9].…”

“…Chen et al [9] took account of the wetting effect of the drop liquid with the tip of the nozzle. It was pointed out that the outside diameter of the nozzle can be used as the characteristic diameter for large nozzles with thick walls (outside diameter around 10 mm and wall thickness range from 0.98 to 1.7 mm), and 1.15 times the outside diameter of the nozzle can be used as the characteristic diameter for small nozzles with thin walls (outside diameter less than 3.5 mm, and wall thickness less than 0.36 mm The geometries of the stainless nozzles are listed in Tab.…”