Droplet flux distributions and entrainment in horizontal gas-liquid flows

Prediction of the Circumferential Film Thickness Distribution in Horizontal Annular Gas-Liquid Flow

“…The symmetry correlation builds on the work of Williams et al (1996). It provides a method of predicting both qualitative and quantitative infonnation about the flow regime.…”

“…We will first show a method of correlating the film symmetry and then develop the circumferential film thickness model. Symmetry has been examined by Williams et al (1996). In this work the Froude number, Fr = Usg /(gD)O.5, was used to correlate the data, where Usg is the gas superficial velocity, and D is the tube diameter.…”

“…The symmetry correlation builds on the work of Williams et al (1996). A new correlating parameter is presented.…”

A two-phase, two-component model for vertical upward gas–liquid annular flow

“…Different experimental correlations for entrainment rate/fraction have been proposed by many researchers, such as Ishii and Mishima (1989), Williams et al (1996), and Pan and Hanratty (2002) in the open literature. Sawant et al (2008)'s correlation was a newly developed one, which exhibited great adaptability and accuracy to different working conditions.…”

Drag reduction in two-phase annular flow of air and water in an inclined pipeline

“…These were longer and more intense at the bottom, as would be expected, since the average height of the film is distributed asymmetrically (Williams at al., [13]). …”